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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants 169 – Willow (part 2)

17 Saturday Nov 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

edible willow, field craft, field medicine, home remedies, militia supply, natural anti-infammatory, Salix exigua, Salix fragilis, Salix gooddingii, Salix hastata, Salix hookeriana, Salix lasiolepis, Salix lucida, treat auto immune diseases, treat bleeding wounds, treat chills, treat colds, treat coughs, treat dysentery, treat fevers, treat gout, treat headaches, treat measles, treat ovarian pains, treat rheumatic ailments, treat shellfish poisoning, treat sore throats, treat sores, treat venereal diseases, treatent of sore throats, treatment for diarrhea, treatment of arthritis, treatment of gonorrhea, treatment of venereal diseases

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 
(Blog Masters Note: All past posts for Wild Edible And Medicinal Plants  are now located in a drop-down search below comments.)
#169 (part 2)
Common Name: Willow
Latin Name:
Salix spp
Family: Salicaceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=salix
Main database for Willow; all of North America.
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAEX All States west of the Rocky Mountains, plus Indiana, Kansas and Texas; In Canada; British Columbia to Saskatchewan. (Salix exigua)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAFR All States, including these States, and northward; Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho and Washington; plus Mississippi; In Canada; Alberta, Manitoba to Quebec, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. (Salix fragilis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAGO California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. (Salix gooddingii)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAHA Alaska; In Canada; Yukon and Northwest Territories. (Salix hastata)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAHO Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California; In Canada; British Columbia. (Salix hookeriana)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SALA6 Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. (Salix lasiolepis)
 http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SALU Ohio, W. Virginia and Virginia north to New England; plus all States north of the Ohio R.; plus all States west of the Rocky Mountains, plus N. and S. Dakota, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa and Alaska; In Canada; all except for Nunavut. (Salix lucida)
Photos : (Click on Latin name after common name )
Warnings: Only on Salix fragilis
*********************************
#169 (h)
Common Name: Coyote Willow, Narrowleaf Willow, Sandbar Willow ( Salix exigua )
Appearance and Habitat:
A small clumping, deciduous shrub (A low growing, usually less than 15 feet, woody perennial plant without a central stem.) or tree, from 4-15 ft. tall. The bark is gray and furrowed; the leaves silky-gray. Catkins appear after the leaves. This hardy species has perhaps the greatest range of all tree willows: from the Yukon River in central Alaska to the Mississippi River in southern Louisiana. A common and characteristic shrub along streams throughout the interior, especially the Great Plains and Southwest, it is drought-resistant and suitable for planting on stream bottoms to prevent surface erosion. Livestock browse the foliage; Indians made baskets from the twigs and bark.(1)  Forms thickets in estuaries and swamps. Sandy gravelly or muck soils in and along watercourses, often invading fresh sandbars in rivers and streams. N. America – Alaska to New Brusnwick, south through central N. America to Texas. It is hardy to zone 2 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in May, and the seeds ripen in June.(2)
Edible Uses:The leaves have been used to make a drink like orange juice.(3)
Medicinal Uses :The bark has been used in the treatment of sore throats, coughs and certain fevers. A decoction of the dried roots has been used in the treatment of venereal diseases. The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.  (4)
Foot Notes: (1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SAEX
Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+exigua
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#169 (i)
Common Name: Brittle Willow, Crack Willow ( Salix fragilis )
Appearance and Habitat:
An introduced prennial tree to 65 feet, with a trunk diameter of up to 40 inches. The leaves are narrowly lance-like coarsely toothed, dark green above, with a lighten underside.
(1)  Streams, marshes fens and wet woods in Europe, including Britain,, from Sweden south and east to Spain, Serbia and Iran. It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen from May to June. (2)
Warnings: Gastrointestinal bleeding and Kidney damage possible. Avoid concurrent administration with other asprin like drugs. Avoid during pregnany. Drug interactions associated with salicylates applicable.
(3)
Edible Uses:Inner bark – raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails. Young shoots – raw or cooked. They are not very palatable. A saccharine exudation is obtained from the leaves and young branches. Used as a food.
(4)
Medicinal Uses :The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne, astringent and febrifuge. The bark of this species is used interchangeably with S. alba. It is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. A poultice of the bark has been applied to sores as a styptic and healing agent. The bark is removed during the summer and dried for later use. The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic. The leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season and are used fresh or dried. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Salix / Willow for diseases accompanied by fever, rheumatic ailments, headaches.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=SALFRA

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+fragilis
*****************************************
#169 (j)
Common Name: Gooding’s Willow, San Joaquin Willow ( Salix gooddingii )
Appearance and Habitat:
A deciduous tree 15 – 40ft. with yellow stems and ligtht green leaves. The bark of this sometimes shrubby plant is rough and dark. Catkins appear on leafy, lateral stems.
(1)   Found in desert, desert grassland and oak woodland habitats, it is most abundant on nutrient rich floodplains. Found at elevations between 60 – 1200 meters in south western N. America – California to Texas, south to Mexico. A deciduous tree growing to 10 m (32ft 10in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 7 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in April, and the seeds ripen in May.(2)
Edible Uses:A honeydew can be obtained from the cut branches. The young shoots can be made into a tea. Leaves and the bark of twigs can be steeped to make a tea. The catkins can be eaten raw. Bark – raw or cooked. This probably refers to the inner bark.
(3)
Medicinal Uses :A decoction of the leaves and bark have been used as a febrifuge. The following uses are for the closely related S. nigra. They probably also apply to this species. The bark is anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic, sedative, tonic. It has been used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, ovarian pains and nocturnal emissions. The bark of this species is used interchangeably with S. alba. It is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. The bark is removed during the summer and dried for later use. The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic. The leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season and are used fresh or dried. The fresh bark contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge and as an ingredient of spring tonics.
(4)
Foot Notes: (1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SAGO

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+gooddingii
****************************************
#169 (k)
Common Name: Halberd Willow, Halberd-Leaved Willow ( Salix hastata )
Appearance and Habitat:
Wet places ascending into mountains in the south of its range. In mountains of Europe – Norway south to Spain and eastward to E. Asia. A deciduous shrub growing to 2 m (6ft) by 2 m (6ft). It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May.
Edible Uses: Inner bark – raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails. Young shoots – raw or cooked. They are not very palatable
Medicinal Uses : The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+hastata
**************************************
#169 (l)
Common Name: Dune Willow, Hooker Willow ( Salix hookeriana )
Appearance and Habitat:
Shrub or small tree with many stems, broad, rounded crown, and leaves nearly half as wide as long. Hooker Willows relatively broad leaves aid in recognition. It is named after William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), a British botanist, in whose book the original description of this species was published. He was Director of Kew Gardens from 1841-1865, wrote “Flora boreali-americana”, and many other works. He was founder and editor of “Journal of Botany”. The isolated Alaskan plants were formerly regarded as a different species, Yakutat Willow (S. amplifolia).
(1)  Borders of salt marshes and ponds, also on sandy coastal dunes. Streams, ponds and sloughs near the shore in western N. America – Alaska to California. It grows to 1 m (3ft 3in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen in June.(2)
Edible Uses:Inner bark – raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails. Young shoots – raw or cooked. They are not very palatable. The leaves have been used as a flavouring in cooked foods.
(3)
Medicinal Uses :The leaves have been used as an antidote to shellfish poisoning. The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
(4)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SAHO

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+hookeriana

*******************************************
#169 (m)
Common Name: Arroyo Willow, Willow ( Salix lasiolepis )
Appearance and Habitat:
Usually a thicket forming shrub with clustered stems; sometimes a small tree with slender, erect branches forming narrow, irregular crown. The name White Willow may come from the light-colored bark and leaves with whitish lower surfaces. The scientific name, meaning shaggy scale, refers to the white hairs on the scales of the flowers.
(1)Well drained sandy loams to rich rocky or gravelly soils along streams at lower elevations, expecially in California where it becomes more tree like. Western N. America – Washington to California and Mexico. A deciduous tree growing to 12 m (39ft 4in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in April, and the seeds ripen in May.(2)
Edible Uses: None
(3)
Medicinal Uses :The bark is antipruritic, astringent, diaphoretic and febrifuge. An infusion of the bark has been used in the treatment of colds, chills, fevers, measles and various diseases where sweating can be beneficial. A decoction of the bark has been used as a wash for itchy skin. An infusion of the leaves has been used in the treatment of colds and diarrhoea. A decoction of the catkins has been used in the treatment of colds. The fresh bark contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
(4)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SALA6

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+lasiolepis
***********************************
#169 (n)
Common Name: Shinning Willow ( Salix lucida )
Appearance and Habitat:
A broad shrub, shining willow grows 12-20 ft. tall, with a pyramidal form. Upright, spreading, fine-textured branches occur from a short trunk. Bark is smooth and reddish-brown. Shining willow’s finest characteristic is its smooth, glossy leaves that simmer in the sun. Fall color is a fairly insignificant yellow. Spring branches are densely flowered with green catkins. Distribution: AK , AZ , CA , CO , CT , DE , IA , ID , IL , IN , KS , MA , MD , ME , MI , MN , MT , ND , NH , NJ , NM , NV , NY , OH , OR , PA , RI , SD , UT , VA , VT , WA , WI , WV , WY Canada: AB , MB , NB , NL , NS , NT , ON , PE , QC , SK , YT(1)   Wet soils, especially in and along swamps, also in marshes, peat bogs ad on sandy banks along creeks. Eastern and central N. America Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rockies. A deciduous shrub growing to 8 m (26ft 3in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 2 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May.(2)
Edible Uses: None.(3)
Medicinal Uses :The bark is analgesic, antiasthmatic, astringent and haemostatic. It is used in the treatment of bleeding and asthma. A poultice of the bark has been applied to the head to allay the pain of headaches. The poultice has also been used to treat sores and bleeding cuts. An infusion of the leaves is used as an analgesic in the treatment of headaches. The fresh bark contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.(4)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SALU
Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+lucida

Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants # 169 Willow (Part 1)

07 Wednesday Nov 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Almond Leaved Willow, Bebb Willow, field craft, field medicine, Goat Willow, Gray Willow, home remedies, improve vision, Large Gray Willow, Long-Beaked Willow, militia supply, Missouri River Willow, Peach Leaved Willow, plants that contain aspirin, Salix alba, Salix amygdaloides, Salix bebbiana, Salix caprea, Salix cinerea, Salix commutata, Salix eriocephala, Stiff Willow, treat bleeding wounds, treat colic, treat diarrhea, treat dysentery, treat feverish illness, treat gout, treat headaches, treat inflammation of auto immune disease, treat neuralgia, treat ophthalmia, treat rheumatism, treatment of haemoptysis, treatment of minor feverish illnesses, treatment of nervous insomnia, Undergreen Willow, White Willow, willow poultice

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 
(Blog Masters Note: All past posts for Wild Edible And Medicinal Plants  are now located in a drop-down search below comments.)
#169
Common Name: Willow
Latin Name:
Salix spp
Family: Salicaceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=salix
Main data base on usda, all of North America.
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAAL2 All States east of the Mississippi R., except Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and S. Carolina; On the west bank of the Mississippi all States except, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah and Oregon. (include found in Alaska); In Canada; Saskatchewan to Quebec, plus Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Salix alba)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAAM2 All States west of the Mississippi R., except Arkansas, Louisiana and California; plus all States north of the Ohio R., plus Kentucky, Pennsylvania and New York; In Canada; British Columbia to Quebec. (Salix amygdaloides)
 http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SABE2> All states west of the Rocky Mountains (including Alaska); all States north of the Ohio R., plus Pennsylanvia / New Jersey north to Maine, plus Maryland, N. and S. Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota and Iowa; In Canada; all of Canada. (Salix bebbiana)
 http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SACA22 Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, W. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York and Connecticut; In Canada; British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. (Salix caprea)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SACI All States east of the Mississippi R., except Mississippi, Florida, Delaware, New Jersey, Vermont and New Hampshire; plus Louisiana and Utah; In Canada; Ontario and Nova Scotia. (Salix cinerea)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SACO2 Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Alaska; In Canada; British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon and Northwest Territories. (Salix commutata)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SAER All States east of the Mississippi R. and along the west bank, except Mississippi, N. and S. Carolina; plus North Dakota to Oklahoma including Colorado; In Canada; Saskatchewan to Quebec, plus Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. (Salix eriocephala)
Photos : (Click on Latin name after common name )

*********************************
#169 (a)
Common Name: White Willow (Salix alba )
Appearance and Habitat:
Introduced perennial tree to 80′; widely spreading crown; yellowish-brown twigs; grayish-brown, irregularly furrowed bark. The flower is 1 1/2″-2″ long erect catkins. The leaf is lance-like to narrowly oval, 2″-4″ long, underside whitened, edges finely toothed, stalks with distinct glands near the blade. Found on moist ground, lake shores and stream beds.
(1)  By streams and rivers, marshes, woods and wet fens on richer soils in Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, Siberia, Himalayas and Israel. A deciduous tree growing to 25 m (82ft) by 10 m (32ft) at a fast rate.It is hardy to zone 2 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen in June.(2)
Warnings: Gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney damage possible. Avoid concurrent administration with other aspirin like drugs. Avoid during pregnany. Drug interactions associated with salicylates application.
(3)
Edible Uses:Inner bark – raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and added to cereal flour then used in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, especially when fresh, it is used as a famine food when all else fails. Leaves and young shoots – raw or cooked. Not very palatable. They are used only in times of scarcity. The leaves can be used as a tea substitute.
(4)
Medicinal Uses :Justly famous as the original source of salicylic acid (the precursor of aspirin), white willow and several closely related species have been used for thousands of years to relieve joint pain and manage fevers. The bark is anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic, sedative and tonic. It has been used internally in the treatment of dyspepsia connected with debility of the digestive organs, rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. Its tonic and astringent properties render it useful in convalescence from acute diseases, in treating worms, chronic dysentery and diarrhoea. The fresh bark is very bitter and astringent. It contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge. The bark is harvested in the spring or early autumn from 3 – 6 year old branches and is dried for later use. The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic. An infusion of the leaves has a calming effect and is helpful in the treatment of nervous insomnia. When added to the bath water, the infusion is of real benefit in relieving widespread rheumatism. The leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season and are used fresh or dried. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Salix / Willow for diseases accompanied by fever, rheumatic ailments, headaches.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1) http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=SALALB

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+alba
*****************************
#169 (b)
Common Name: Peach Leaved Willow, Almond Leaved Willow (Salix amygdaloides )
Appearance and Habitat:
Peach-leaf willow is a medium-sized, multi-trunked tree, 35-50 ft. tall, with fine-textured, slightly weeping branching and orange-yellow twigs. Catkins appear before leaf emergence. The narrow, yellow-green foliage has insignificant fall color. Tree with 1 or sometimes several straight trunks, upright branches, and spreading crown. This is the common willow across the northern plains, where it is important in protecting riverbanks from erosion. Both common and scientific names refer to the leaf shape, which suggests that of Peach.
(1)Along muddy streambanks and in low wet woods bordering rivers to 2100 meters in N. America – British Columbia to New York, south to Texas. A deciduous tree growing to 20 m (65ft 7in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in April, and the seeds ripen in May.(2)
Warnings: None 
(3)
Edible Uses: None 
(4)
Medicinal Uses :An infusion of the bark shavings has been used in the treatment of diarrhoea and stomach ailments. A poultice of the bark has been applied to bleeding cuts. A decoction of the branch tips has been used as a soak for treating cramps in the legs and feet. The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SAAM2

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+amygdaloides
***************************
#169 (c)
Common Name: Bebb Willow, Gray Willow, Long-Beaked Willow (Salix bebbiana )
Appearance and Habitat:
A narrow, somewhat columnar-shaped shrub or small tree, 20-30 ft. tall. The single or multiple trunks have maroonish bark. Catkins appear before the silvery-gray foliage emerges. Fall color is insignificant. Bebb Willow is the most important diamond willow, a term applied to several species which sometimes have diamond-shaped patterns on their trunks. These are caused by fungi, usually in shade or poor sites. The contrasting whitish and brownish stems are carved into canes, lamps, posts, furniture, and candleholders. Forms willow thickets as a weed on uplands after forest fires. Named for Michael Schuck Bebb (1833-95), U.S. specialist on willows.
(1)Moist rich soils along streams, lakes and swamps, but also forming dense thickets in open meadows. Found at elevations up to 3000 meters in North America – Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California. A deciduous shrub growing to 7 m (23ft) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in May, and the seeds ripen in June.(2)
Warnings: None
(3)
Edible Uses: None
(4)
Medicinal Uses :A poultice of the chewed root inner bark has been applied to a deep cut. The shredded inner bark has been used as sanitary napkins to ‘heal a woman’s insides’. A poultice of the damp inner bark has been applied to the skin over a broken bone. A decoction of the branches has been taken by women for several months after childbirth to increase the blood flow. A poultice of the bark and sap has been applied as a wad to bleeding wounds. The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SABE2

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+bebbiana
***************************
#169 (d)
Common Name: Goat Willow (Salix caprea )
Appearance and Habitat:
Woods, scrub and hedges, usually on basic soils, to 840 meters in Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, temperate Aisa and Syria. A deciduous tree growing to 10 m (32ft) by 8 m (26ft) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Mar to April, and the seeds ripen in May.
Warnings: None
Edible Uses: Inner bark – raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails. Young shoots – raw or cooked. They are not very palatable. The source of an edible manna No further details.
Medicinal Uses : The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge. A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of fevers. A distilled water from the flowers is aphrodisiac, cordial and stimulant. It is used externally in the treatment of headaches and ophthalmia. The ashes of the wood are useful in the treatment of haemoptysis. The stems and the leaves are astringent. A gum and the juice of the trees are used to increase visual powers.

http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+caprea
************************
#169 (e)
Common Name: Large Gray Willow (Salix cinerea )
Appearance and Habitat:
Introduced, rarely excaped, perennial shrub 7′-20′ tall, peeling bark with long, prominent ridges. The leaf is narrow, pointed at both ends, underside whitened.
(1)   Fens ect in E. England, it is often dominant in carr. Occasionally found in damp woods in other areas of England. Europe, inclucing Britain, from Scandanavia south nad east to France, Siberia and Iran. A deciduous shrub growing to 5 m (16ft 5in). It is hardy to zone 2 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Mar to April, and the seeds ripen from May to June.(2)
Warnings: None 
(3)
Edible Uses: None
(4)
Medicinal Uses :The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge. The bark of this species is used interchangeably with S. alba. It is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. The bark is removed during the summer and dried for later use. The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic. The leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season and are used fresh or dried.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=SALCIN

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+cinerea
*******************************
#169 (f)
Common Name: Undergreen Willow (Salix commutata )
Appearance and Habitat:
A perrenial native shrub that blooms June to September. Chiefly in the Olympic and Cascade mountains of Washington; Alaska and Yukon south to Oregon, occasionally east to idaho and Montana.
Found in moist areas, mid to high elevations in the mountains.
(1)Wet places at moderate to rather high elevations in western N. America – Alaska to California. A deciduous shrub growing to 3 m (9ft 10in). It is hardy to zone 4 and is not frost tender.(2)
Warnings: None 
(3)
Edible Uses:Inner bark – raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails. Young shoots – raw or cooked. They are not very palatable.
(4)
Medicinal Uses :The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Salix&Species=commutata

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+commutata
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#169 (g)
Common Name: Missouri River Willow, Stiff Willow, Missouri Willow (Salix eriocephala )
Appearance and Habitat:
A narrow shrub or small tree to 20 ft. with multiple trunks and dark-gray, scaly bark. Lance-shaped leaves are thick and persistently pubescent beneath. Catkins, which appear before the leaves in early spring, are densely silky.
(1)Sandy to rocky soils, near rivers, creeks and swamps. Sand bars along rivers in eastern and central N. America – Newfoundland to Nebraska, south to Mississippi. A decicuous shrub growing to 4 m (13ft 1in). It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in April. (2)
Warnings: None
(3)
Edible Uses: None
(4)
Medicinal Uses :The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SAER

Foot Notes: ( 2, 3, 4, 5)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+eriocephala

Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants #159 – 161 Water Cress/ Fleabane/ Syrian Rue

23 Sunday Sep 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

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African Rue, Daisy Fleabane, Eastern Daisy Fleabane, edible fleabane, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron aphanactis, Erigeron philadelphicus, field craft, field medicine, home remedies, increase pulse strength, militia supply, Nasturtium officinale, Native American culture, native american medicine, Peganum harmala, preppers plants, remove tapeworms, Soma, treat baldness, treat chronic diarrhea, treat depression, treat eczematous, treat encephalitis, treat epilepsy, treat glandular tumors, treat gonorrhea, treat gout, treat headaches, treat hemorrhoids, treat high blood pressure, treat lymphatic swellings, treat menstrual problems, treat psoriasis, treat rheumatism, treat TB, treatment for brain swellings, treatment for dandruff, treatment for depression, treatment of glandular tumours, treatment of rheumatism, treatment of TB

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 
#159
Common Name: Water Cress
Latin Name:
Nasturtium officinale
Family: Brassicaceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=NAOF
All states, except Hawaii and N. Dakota; In Canada; British Columbia to Quebec, plus New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
Photos: Here
Appearance and Habitat:
Introduced and naturalized. An erect or spreading, perennial, 4″-18″ tall, emergent aquatic, sometimes evergreen, forming large, tangled wintergreen masses; stems spreading; rooting from the lower nodes. The flower is white, 4-parted, 1/5″ wide, petals 2 times longer than the sepals; inflorescence a cluster (raceme) of stalked flowers from the ends of the shoots; blooms May-Oct. The leaf is pinnately-divided into 3-9 rounded leaflets with the end one longest. Found in sun; streams, springs, cold water; in limy, sedimentary, gravelly soil.(1)  Streams margins, ditches, flushes ect. with moving water, usually in chalk or limestone areas. Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia. A perennial growing to 0.5 m (1ft 8in) by 1 m (3ft 3in). It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from May to October, and the seeds ripen from Jul to October.(2)
Warnings: Whilst the plant is very wholesome and nutritious, some care should be taken if harvesting it from the wild. Any plants growing in water that drains from fields where animals, particularly sheep, graze should not be used raw. This is due to the risk of it being infested with the liver fluke parasite. Cooking the leaves, however, will destroy any parasites and render the plant perfectly safe to eat. May inhabit the metabolism of paracetamol.(3)
Edible Uses: Leaves – raw or cooked. Water cress is mainly used as a garnish or as an addition to salads, the flavour is strong with a characteristic hotnes. It has a reputation as a spring tonic, and this is its main season of use, though it can be harvested for most of the year and can give 10 pickings annually. Some caution is advised if gathering the plant from the wild, see the notes above on toxicity. The leaves are exceptionally rich in vitamins and minerals, especially iron. A nutritional analysis is available. The seed can be sprouted and eaten in salads. A hot mustardy flavour. The seed is ground into a powder and used as a mustard. The pungency of mustard develops when cold water is added to the ground-up seed – an enzyme (myrosin) acts on a glycoside (sinigrin) to produce a sulphur compound. The reaction takes 10 – 15 minutes. Mixing with hot water or vinegar, or adding salt, inhibits the enzyme and produces a mild but bitter mustard.
(4)(Good break down on composition at the website.)
Medicinal Uses : Watercress is very rich in vitamins and minerals, and has long been valued as a food and medicinal plant. Considered a cleansing herb, its high content of vitamin C makes it a remedy that is particularly valuable for chronic illnesses. The leaves are antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, purgative, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic, stimulant and stomachic. The plant has been used as a specific in the treatment of TB. The freshly pressed juice has been used internally and externally in the treatment of chest and kidney complaints, chronic irritations and inflammations of the skin etc. Applied externally, it has a long-standing reputation as an effective hair tonic, helping to promote the growth of thick hair. A poultice of the leaves is said to be an effective treatment for healing glandular tumours or lymphatic swellings. Some caution is advised, excessive use of the plant can lead to stomach upsets. The leaves can be harvested almost throughout the year and are used fresh.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=NASOFF

Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4, 5 )http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nasturtium+officinale

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#160
Common Name: Daisy Fleabane, Rayless Shaggy Fleabane, Philadelphia Fleabane
Latin Name:
Erigeron annuus, E. aphanactis, E. philadelphicus
Family: Asteraceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=eran
 All of the lower 48 States, except Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada and Arizona; In Canada; British Columbia to Quebec, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. (Erigeron annuus)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ERAPA2 Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. (Erigeron aphanactis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=erph All of the lower 48 States, except Utah and Arizona; All of Canada except Nunavut and Labrador. (Erigeron philadelphicus)
Photos : (Click on Latin name after common name )

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#160 (a)
Common Name: Daisy Fleabane, Eastern Daisy Fleabane, Annual Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)
Appearance and Habitat:
An erect stem covered with spreading hairs bears flower heads with 40 or more tightly packed white to pale pink ray flowers surrounding the central yellow disk flowers.
(1)   An erect native , 2′-4′ tall forb with dense foliage; stems with long spreading hairs. The flower has a head 1/2″ – 3/4″ wide with 80-125 white to pinkish rays up to 1/3″ long, disks yellow and flat; inflorescence of several to many heads; blooms June-Sept. The seeds are dry fluffy pappus. The leaves are described as, basal leaves elliptical and coarsely toothed, stem leaves widely lance-like, usually sharply toothed, and not clasping. It is found in disturbed areas.(2)   Fields and waste places. Prairies and open ground in various soil types in Texas. North America, naturalized in C. Europe. It is hardy to zone 3.(3)
Warnings: None.
(4)
Edible Uses:Young plant – boiled.
(5)
Medicinal Uses :None.(6)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ERAN

Foot Notes: (2)http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=ERIANN
Foot Notes: ( 3, 4, 5, 6 ) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+annuus
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#160 (b)
Common Name: Shaggy Rayless Fleabane (Erigeron aphanactis)
Native American Name:
Ah gwe shuh(Shoshone)
Appearance and Habitat:
No information other than photos.
Edible Uses: Tea from plant
Medicinal Uses : A dwarf yellow aster, used at Owyhee as a cure for gonorrhea. The tea from the whole plant ws used.

Indian Uses of Native Plants by Edith Van Murphy, page 47, Publisher: Meyerbooks, Copyright 1990, ISBN 0-96638-15-4
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#160 (c)
Common Name: Philadelphia Fleabane, Fleabane Daisy, Marsh Fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus)
Appearance and Habitat:
The fleabane daisy grows along roadsides and in fields and woodlands. It has more than 150 threadlike, white ray flowers. The center, disk flowers are 5-toothed and yellow, and there are many flower heads to each much-branched stem. The yellow center with the large number of very fine ray flowers is the best identification. They are much finer than those of other daisies or asters. Flower heads are 1/2-3/4 inch across. The geneus name, from Greek eri (early) and geron (old man), presumably refers to the fact that the plant flowers early and has a hoary down suggesting an old mans beard. Robins Plaintain (E. pulchellus) is slightly shorter and has fewer, but larger, lilac or violet flower heads, as well as stem leaves that are sparse and stalkless but do not clasp the stem; it is insect-pollinated and also spreads actively by runners.
(1)  An erect, biennial/perennial, 4″-36″ tall forb usually with long, spreading hairs. The flower head is 1/2′ – 3/4″ wide, 150-400 pink to white rays up to 1/3″ long, disks yellow and flat; inflorescence of usually more than 9 heads per cluster; blooms May-Aug. The fruit from the flowers, dry seed on fluffy pappus. It has basal leaves toothed, narrowly-oblong with a rounded tipped; stem leaves clasping. Found in wet areas, woods, shores, meadows. (2)   Thickets, fields, and woods in low prairies and streambanks, often on calcareous clays; in N. America – Labrador to British Columbia, south to Florida and California. A biennial/perennial growing to 0.7 m (2ft 4in) by 0.3 m (1ft). It is hardy to zone 2. It is in flower from Jul to August.(3)
Warnings: Contact with plant can cause dermatitis in sensitive people.
(4)
Edible Uses: None.
(5)
Medicinal Uses : A tea made from the plant is astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue. It is used in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, gout, gravel, epilepsy and menstrual problems. A poultice of the plant is used to treat headaches and is also applied to sores. It should not be taken by pregnant women since it can induce a miscarriage. A snuff made from the powdered florets is used to make a person with catarrh sneeze.
(6)
Foot Notes: (1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ERPH

Foot Notes: (2) http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=ERIPHI

Foot Notes: ( 3, 4, 5, 6 ) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+philadelphicus
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#161
Common Name: Syrian Rue, African Rue, Soma
Latin Name:
Peganum harmala
Family: Zygophyllaceae
Range: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PEHA
Montana, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.
Photos : Here
Appearance and Habitat: A native of northern India, Afghanistan and southern Russia that began growing in this country in 1930. Originally found near Fallon, Nevada and Deming, New Mexico; it has now spread to other states. It is found mostly on secondary dirt roads and paved roads. In grows in lower canyons, alluvial flats and grazing lands. In the past there have been eradication efforts because the plant is poisonous to sheep. The plant is bright green, composed of many 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 foot tall basal leaves that are theady in appearance. Through the warmer months it has 5 petaled flowers that grow from the leaf axils. The flowers mature into round hollow capsules which contain many small, angular seeds. Brown capsules are resent products, but turn grey in subsequent years. The root is grey-brown, pithy, with yellow heart-wood and is rather hard to dig up.(1)   Dry steppes, especially where grazing is heavy, and dry waste places. It is often found in saline soils. Europe – Mediterranean and southeastern Europe is its range. A perennial, growing to 0.6 m (2ft) by 0.5 m (1ft 8in). It is hardy to zone 8. The seeds ripen in September. It cannot grow in the shade.(2)
Warnings: Use with caution. Although the seed is used medicinally and as a condiment, it does contain hallucinogenic and narcotic alkaloids. When taken is excess it causes hallucinations and vomiting.(3)
Edible Uses:Seed – used as a spice and purifying agent. Some caution is advised because the seed has narcotic properties, inducing a sense of euphoria and releasing inhibitions. An edible oil is obtained from the seed.(4)
Medicinal Uses :Alterative. The fruit and seed are digestive, diuretic, hallucinogenic, narcotic and uterine stimulant. They are taken internally in the treatment of stomach complaints, urinary and sexual disorders, epilepsy, menstrual problems, mental and nervous illnesses. The seed has also been used as an anthelmintic in order to rid the body of tapeworms. This remedy should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a qualified practitioner since excessive doses cause vomiting and hallucinations. The seeds contain the substance ‘harmine’ which is being used in research into mental disease, encephalitis and inflammation of the brain. Small quantities stimulate the brain and are said to be therapeutic, but in excess harmine depresses the central nervous system. A crude preparation of the seed is more effective than an extract because of the presence of related indoles. Consumption of the seed in quantity induces a sense of euphoria and releases inhibitions. It has been used in the past as a truth drug. The oil obtained from the seed is said to be aphrodisiac. The oil is also said to have galactogogue, ophthalmic, soporific and vermifuge properties. The seed is used externally in the treatment of haemorrhoids and baldness. The whole plant is said to be abortifacient, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue and galactogogue. A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of rheumatism. The root has been used as a parasiticide in order to kill body lice. It is also used internally in the treatment of rheumatism and nervous conditions.(5)  The root and seeds remain stable for years and make good medicine, while the foliage is useful for only a year. Recent Russian studies have verified many of the folk remedies. The plant is useful for treating skin conditions such as eczematous, exfoliative dermatitis and psoriasis. They respond well to an external wash of the seed tincture or root tincture or tea. The herb tea is an excellent hair and scalp treatment for dandruff, using it after a shampoo, but tends to make the hair stiff. The seeds in tincture (40 drops), or in a #00 capsule will treat depression and make a good anti-depressant. It won’t help with manic depression however. The seed tincture has cardiovascular effects as well, it increases the force of the pulse and aortal flow, while decreasing the pulse rate. It treats high blood pressure in this fashion. The dry herb can be used as a tea or tincture. For the tea, boil 32 parts water to 1 part dried herb (by weight), remove from the heat source and allow it to sit for up to an hour, strain out the plant and return the water to the original level. For the plant tincture or seed tincture (grind seeds) use part dried plant to 5 parts of 50% vodka, place in a jar and shake daily for a week. For the root tincture, follow the same procedure but use 60% vodka at a rate of 1 part dried root to 5 parts vodka. Ingesting up to a dozen capsules of the seed will cause hallucinations.(6)
Other Uses :A red dye is obtained from the seed. It is widely used in Western Asia, especially as a colouring for carpets. The ripe seed contains 3.8 – 5.8% of the alkaloids harmine, harmaline, harmalol and peganine. Ineffective as a contact poison, they are active in vapour form where they are effective against algae, in higher concentrations to water animals and lethal to moulds, bacteria and intestinal parasites. The seed is used as an incense.(7)
Foot Notes: (1, 6 ) Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Canyon West by Michael Moore, pages 120-121, Publisher: Museum of New Mexico Press, Copyright 1989, ISBN 0-80913-182-1
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4, 5, 7 ) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peganum+harmala

Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants 149(Sup)-150 Gentian/Maidenhair Fern

26 Sunday Aug 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

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Tags

Adiantum capillus-veneris, Adiantum jordanii, Adiantum pedatum, American Columbo, edible fern, Elkweed, fern cough syrup, fern hair rinse, field craft, Frasera caroliniensis, Frasera speciosa, Green Gentian, home remedies, home remedy, Maidenhair Fern, militia supply, plants for preppers, poultice for bee stings, poultice on snake bites, Southern Maidenhair Fern, survivalist supplies, treat and expel worms, treat asthma, treat bleeding wounds, treat bronchitis, treat chest pains, treat colds, treat connective tissues of kidneys, treat connective tissues of lung, treat dandruff, treat diarrhea, treat dysentery, treat fevers, treat headaches, treat laryngitis, treat menstruation problems, treat throat afflictions, treatment of asthma, treatment of diarrhea, treatment of diarrhoea, treatment of dysentery, Venus Hair Fern

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 
#149 Supplement
Common Name: American Columbo, Green Gentian, Elkweed
Latin Name:
Frasera caroliniensis, F. speciosa
Family: Gentianaceae
Range:
 http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=FRCA2
 Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and all states south of the Ohio R. and east of the Mississippi R. , except W. Virginia and Florida; In Canada; Ontario. (Frasera caroliniensis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=FRSP All states west of the Rocky Mountains, plus North Dakota and Texas. (Frasera speciosa)
Photos : (Click on Latin name after common name )

149 (e)
Common Name: American Columbo, Green Gentian (Frasera caroliniensis)
Appearance and Habitat:
Found in calcareous grasslands and savannah over much of east-central North America, but not common, Frasera caroliniensis is listed as a species of special concern in Canada by SARA (Species at Risk Act), as threatened in New York, and as endangered in Pennsylvania.
(1)  Dry soils in Eastern N. America – New York to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee. A perennial growing to 2.5 m (8ft 2in). It is hardy to zone 2. It is in flower from Jul to August.(2)
Warnings: None
(3)
Edible Uses:None
(4)
Medicinal Uses : The powdered plant is applied externally to ulcers as a poultice. The plant is a feeble simple bitter. The root is cathartic, emetic, stimulant and tonic. When dried it is a simple bitter that can be used as a digestive tonic in a similar way to gentian root (Gentiana spp), but the fresh root is cathartic and emetic. The root is used in the treatment of dysentery, stomach complaints and a lack of appetite. It should be harvested in the autumn of its second year, or the spring of its third year. (5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=FRCA2

Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4, 5 )http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Frasera+caroliniensis
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149 (f)
Common Name: Elkweed, Green Gentian (Frasera speciosa)
Appearance and Habitat:
A narrowly cone-shaped plant with 1 stout, tall errect stem, large leaves in evenly spaced whorls, and clusters of 4-lobed, yellowish-green corollas in axils of upper leaves and leaf-like bracts. The broad leaves are a good browse for deer.
(1)  Dryish or dampish places in Rich soils in open pine and woods, aspen groves etc. from 1500 – 3000 meters in Western N. America – California to Washington. A biennial/perennial growing to 1.5 m (5ft). It is hardy to zone 3. It is in flower from Jul to August.(2)
Warnings: When used medicinally, large does of the powdered root have proved fatal.
(3)
Edible Uses:Root. It has been reported that the N. American Indians ate the fleshy root of this plant, but caution is advised since the roots of closely related plants are used medicinally as emetics and cathartics.
(4)
Medicinal Uses : The whole plant is febrifuge, pectoral, laxative and tonic. An infusion of the dried, powdered leaves, or the root, has been used in the treatment of diarrhoea. A cooled decoction of the roots has been used in the treatment of asthma, colds, digestive complaints etc. An infusion of the plant has been used as a contraceptive. Caution is advised in the use of this plant, see the notes above on toxicity. (5)
Foot Notes: (1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=FRSP

Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4, 5 ) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Frasera+speciosa
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#150
Common Name: Maidenhair Fern, Lady Fern, Culatrillo
Latin Name:
Adiantum aleuticum, A. capillus-veneris, A joranii, A. pedatum
Family: Polypodiaceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ADIAN
All 50 states, except North Dakota; In Canada; British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. This is the main database.
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ADAL All states west of the Rocky Mountains, except New Mexico, plus Alaska, Michigan, Pennsylvania, W. Virginia, Maryland, Vermont and Maine; In Canada; British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec and Newfoundland. (Adiantum aleuticum)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ADCA All states east of the Mississippi R. and south of the Ohio R., except W. Virginia, plus Ohio, Maryland, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California and Hawaii; In Canada; British Columbia. (Adiantum capillus-veneris)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ADJO California and Oregon. (Adiantum jordanii)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ADPE All states east of the Mississippi, except Florida, all states on the west bank of the Mississippi R., plus South Dakota to Oklahoma and Alaska; In Canada; Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. (Adiantum pedatum)
Photos : (Click on Latin name after common name )

Warnings: On PFAP for all covered. Although we have found no reports of toxicity for this species, a number of ferns contain carcinogens so some caution is advisable. Many ferns also contain thiaminase, an enzyme that robs the body of its vitamin B complex. In small quantities this enzyme will do no harm to people eating an adequate diet that is rich in vitamin B, though large quantities can cause severe health problems. The enzyme is destroyed by heat or thorough drying, so cooking the plant will remove the thiaminase.
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#150(a)
Common Name: Common Maidenhair Fern, Southern Maidenhair Fern, Venus Hair Fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris)
Appearance and Habitat:
This plant has specific growing requirements that must be met to be successful in a garden setting. Though it lacks the fan-like pattern of Northern maidenhair, the fine, lacy foliage of Southern maidenhair has the same a graceful, delicate character. This fern grows from 6 inches to 1 foot in height; its fronds arising in clusters from creeping rhizomes. Listed as an endangered species in North Carolina (known as southern maidenhair-fern there) and threatened in Kentucky (known as venus hair fern there). Mostly found in the lower half of the U.S.and some parts of the tropics, the only Canadian site is near Fairmont Hot Springs, B.C.
(1)   Rock crevices, cliffs by the sea on basic rocks in damp positions. Tropical and warm temperate zones throughout the world, including Britain. It is a fern growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 0.3 m (1ft in) at a slow rate.  It is hardy to zone 9 and is frost tender. The seeds ripen from May to September.(2)
Edible Uses:The fronds are used as a garnish on sweet dishes. The dried fronds are used to make a tea. A syrup is made from the plant – it makes a refreshing summer drink. The fern (does this refer to the rootstock?) is simmered in water for several hours and the liquid made into a thick syrup with sugar and orange water. It is then mixed with fruit juices to make a refreshing drink.
(3)
Medicinal Uses :The maidenhair fern has a long history of medicinal use and was the main ingredient of a popular cough syrup called ‘Capillaire’, which remained in use until the nineteenth century. The plant is little used in modern herbalism. The fresh or dried leafy fronds are antidandruff, antitussive, astringent, demulcent, depurative, emetic, weakly emmenagogue, emollient, weakly expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative, pectoral, refrigerant, stimulant, sudorific and tonic. A tea or syrup is used in the treatment of coughs, throat afflictions and bronchitis. It is also used as a detoxicant in alcoholism and to expel worms from the body. Externally, it is used as a poultice on snake bites, bee stings etc. In Nepal, a paste made from the fronds is applied to the forehead to relieve headaches and to the chest to relieve chest pains. The plant is best used fresh, though it can also be harvested in the summer and dried for later use.
(4)
Foot Notes: (1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ADCA

Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4 ) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adiantum+capillus-veneris
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#150(b)
Common Name: Northern Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum)
Appearance and Habitat:
Northern maidenhair’s delicate, 8-20 in. fronds, with dark, shiny stems, spread their pinnae horizontally in a nearly perfect circle. This graceful, fan-like pattern is unique among native ferns. The fronds arise from a creeping rootstock in clusters. Burgundy red fiddleheads appear in early spring. The roots are wiry and black, colonizing in favorable sites. This fern is quite easy to grow if it is provided with the right conditions. Western plants are sometimes treated as a separate variety or subspecies, A. pedatum var. or ssp. aleuticum, but eastern and western plants look very much alike.
(1)   Stems short-creeping; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves lax-arching (rarely pendent), closely spaced, 40–75 cm. Petiole 1–2 mm diam., glabrous, occasionally glaucous. Blade fan-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 15–30 × 15–35 cm, glabrous; proximal pinnae 3–9-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, occasionally glaucous. Segment stalks 0.5–1.5(–1.7) mm, dark color entering into segment base. Ultimate segments oblong, ca. 3 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow incisions 0–0.9(–1.1) mm wide; apex obtuse, divided into shallow, rounded lobes separated by shallow sinuses 0.1–2(–3.7) mm deep, margins of lobes crenulate or crenate-denticulate. Indusia transversely oblong, 1–3 mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 34–40 µm diam. Sporulating summer–fall. Rich, deciduous woodlands, often on humus-covered talus slopes and moist lime soils; 0–700 m; N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis. Once considered a single species across its range in North America and eastern Asia, Adiantum pedatum is considered to be a complex of at least three vicariant species ( A . pedatum and A . aleuticum occur in North America) and a derivative allopolyploid species (C. A. Paris 1991). Adiantum pedatum in the strict sense is restricted to deciduous woodlands in eastern North America.(2)  Rich, deciduous woodlands, often on humus-covered talus slopes and moist lime soils for sea level to 700 meters in North America – Alaska to Quebec and Nova Scotia, south to California nad Georgia. East to Asia. It is hardy to zone 3. The seeds ripen from Aug to October.(3)
Edible Uses:None
(4)
Medicinal Uses :The whole plant is considered to be antirheumatic, astringent, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, pectoral and tonic. A tea or syrup is used in the treatment of nasal congestion, asthma, sore throats etc. A decoction of the root was massaged into rheumatic joints. The N. American Indians chewed the fronds and then applied them to wounds to stop bleeding. A strong infusion of the whole plant was has been used as an emetic in the treatment of ague and fevers. This plant was highly valued as a medicinal plant in the 19th century and merits scientific investigation.
(5)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ADPE

Foot Notes: (2 ) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200003542
Foot Notes: ( 3, 4, 5)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adiantum+pedatum
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Appearance, Habitat and Photos for Others: (Adiantum aleuticum) Adiantum aleuticum – Western maidenhair, Aleutian maidenhair- Stems short-creeping or suberect; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves lax-arching to stiffly erect or pendent, often densely clustered, 15–110 cm. Petiole 0.5–3 mm diam., glabrous, often glaucous. Blade fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 5–45 × 5–45 cm; proximal pinnae (1–)2–7-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, often with glaucous bloom. Segment stalks 0.2–0.9(–1.3) mm, dark color entering into segment base or not. Ultimate segments oblong, long-triangular, or occasionally reniform, ca. 2.5–4 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight to oblique, or occasionally excavate; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow to broad incisions 0.2–3 mm wide; apex acute to obtuse, obtuse apices divided into ± angular lobes separated by sinuses 0.6–4 mm deep, margins of lobes sharply denticulate. False indusia transversely oblong to crescent-shaped, 0.2–3.5(–6) mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 37–47 µm diam. Sporulating summer–fall. Wooded ravines, shaded banks, talus slopes, serpentine barrens, and coastal headlands (uncommon); 0–3200 m; Alta., B.C., Nfld., Que.; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Maine, Md., Mont., Nev., Oreg., Pa., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wyo.; Mexico in Chihuahua. Adiantum aleuticum is disjunct in wet rock fissures at high elevations in Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Mexico in Chihuahua, and it is disjunct on serpentine in Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. Although the western maidenhair has traditionally been interpreted as an infraspecific variant of Adiantum pedatum , the two taxa are reproductively isolated and differ in an array of morphologic characteristics. Therefore, they are more appropriately considered separate species (C. A. Paris and M. D. Windham 1988). Morphologic differences between A . pedatum and A . aleuticum are subtle; the two may be separated, however, using characteristics in the key. Adiantum aleuticum occurs in a variety of habitats throughout its range, from moist, wooded ravines to stark serpentine barrens and from coastal cliffs to subalpine boulder fields. Although morphologic differences exist among populations in these diverse habitats, they are not consistent. Consequently, infraspecific taxa are not recognized here within A . aleuticum .
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500026
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(Adiantum jordanii Adiantum jordanii – California maidenhair- Stems short-creeping; scales reddish brown, concolored, margins entire. Leaves arching or pendent, clustered, 30–45 cm. Petiole 1–1.5 mm diam., glabrous, not glaucous. Blade lanceolate, pinnate, 20–24 × 8–10 cm, gradually reduced distally, glabrous; proximal pinnae 3(–4)-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, not glaucous. Segment stalks 1–4 mm, with dark color ending abruptly at segment base. Ultimate segments fan-shaped, not quite as long as broad; base truncate or broadly cuneate; margins of fertile segments unlobed but very narrowly incised, sterile segments with margins lobed, denticulate; apex rounded. Indusia transversely oblong, 3–10 mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 40–50 µm diam. Sporulating early spring–midsummer. Seasonally moist, shaded, rocky banks, canyons, and ravines; 0–1000 m; Calif., Oreg.; Mexico in Baja California. Adiantum jordanii occasionally hybridizes with A . aleuticum where their ranges overlap in northern California, yielding the sterile hybrid Adiantum × tracyi C. C. Hall ex W. H. Wagner. Adiantum × tracyi , morphologically intermediate between its parental species, can be distinguished from A . jordanii by its broadly deltate leaf blade that tapers abruptly from the 4(–5)-pinnate base to a 1-pinnate apex. It is best separated from A . aleuticum by leaf blades with a strong rachis, and by ultimate blade segments that are less than twice as long as broad. Adiantum × tracyi shows 59 univalents at metaphase; its spores are irregular and misshapen (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1962).
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500027
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(Now for Michael Moore who covers Adiantum aleuticum, A. capillus-veneris and A joranii.)

Appearance and Habitat: A delicate fern, hard to mistake when it is found. The fronds sprout from a scaly root, usually just below the mulch or moss. The stems almost appear black and the individual leaflets are separated by black stems. All are interchangeable as to medical uses and A. capillus-venus the most widespread. They are rarely found above 7,000 feet and rarely encountered below 3,000 feet, the exception is the coastal ranges of California. In the west, it is found in warm, lower canyons. Look for it around springs or northern slopes and wet crevices in the rock. Adiantum jordanii is found in canyons from Baja California to southern Oregon. Adiantum pedatum is common from mid way through California to British Columbia to the northern Rocky Mountains. Adiantum capillus-venus is found world-wide.
Medicinal Uses : Collect the leaves by making small bundles, 1/2 inch in diameter, and dry them in a dark room in paper bags. The root requires splitting into sections, length-wise, and drying in cheese cloth. Hang the cheese cloth up, making a pocket and hang it in the shade. It makes an excellent treatment for upper respiratory problems and suppressed menstruation. Like Horsetail, the plant contains silica at a ratio of 12,000 to 20,000 parts/million. The silica content makes it useful to treat connective tissues of the lungs and kidneys. Chronic conditions require strong cup of tea on a daily basis for a month. Use at least a tablespoon full per cup in hot water. For acute conditions, make a standard infusion and drink 1-3 ounces 3 times daily. Combine 32 parts water, with one part dried fronds (by weight) bring slowly to a boil and continue boiling for 10 minutes, cool until warm and strain. It is also useful to treat bronchial infections, sore throats and laryngitis. To make a cough syrup combine two parts honey, one part water, and two parts of finely chopped leaves. To improve the taste, ginger can be added. To regulate menstruation, boil 1/2 ounce of the dried root in a pint of water for twenty minutes and drink it through the day.
Other Uses : It can be used as hair rinse that will add both body and shine to your hair. Use, somewhat less than a 1/2 cup of the dried plant in a cup of boiling water and use as a final rinse.
Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West by Michael Moore, pages 153-155, Publisher: Museum of New Mexico Press, Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-89013-454-5

Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants 117 – Juniper

29 Sunday Apr 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

≈ 1 Comment

Tags

anticancer compound podophyllotoxin, aromatherapy, blood tonic, home remedies, juniper edible berries, juniper poultice, Juniperus ashei, Juniperus communis, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus horizontalis, Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus scopulorum, Juniperus silicicola, Juniperus virginiana, militia, militia supply, Native American culture, Native American folklore, Native American foods, native american medicine, natural antiseptic, natural diuretic, plants for survival, poultice for toothaches, prepper plant, repel snakes, stomach tonic, treat bladder problems, treat cold and fevers, treat dandruff, treat headaches, treat kidney ;problems, treat rheumatism, treat urinary tract infections, treatment of coughs, treatment of fevers

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 

(Attention!!  If you are a militia member, Prepper, or survivalist please visit the main webite http://keystoliberty.wordpress.com You are missing a great deal of information on spotting snipers, fuel storage, food storage, gardening, and soon a post on suturing.)

#117
Common Name: Juniper, Cedar, Cedron, Sabina
Latin Name: Juniperus communis, J. monosperma, J. occidentalis, J. osteosperma, J. scopulorum covered by Michael Moore and J. ashei, J. californica, J. communis, J. deppeana, J. horizontalis, J. osteosperma, J. sabina,  J. Scopulorum, J. silicicola, J. tetragona and  J. virginiana, covered by PFAF website.
Family: Cupressaceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUAS 
Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas (Juniperus ashei)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUCA7California, Nevada and Arizona. (Juniperus califorica)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUCO6 all of North America except Florida, Tennessee, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. (Juniperus communis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUDE2 Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. (Juniperus deppeana and Juniperus tetragona)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUHO2 New England south to New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, N. and S. Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana and Alaska; all of Canada (Juniperus horizontalis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUOC California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Nevada. (Juniperus occidentalis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUOS all States west of the Rocky Mountains except Washington and Oregon. (Juniperus osteosperma)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUMO Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma and Texas. (Juniperus monosperma)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUSA5Ontario, Canada. (Juniperus sabina)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUSC2 all States west of the Rocky Mountains except California, plus N and S. Dakota,Nebraska,Oklahoma and Texas; in Canada-Saskatchewan to British Columbia (Juniperus scopulorum)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUVIS Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, N. and South Carolina. (Juniperus silicicola)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUVI all States east of the Mississippi R. and all States along the west bank of the Mississippi R., plus N. and S. Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado and Oregon; in Canada – Quebec and Ontario. (Juniperus virginiana)
Photos: (Click on Latin Name after Common Name.)
Warnings: None Known, except Juniperus silicicola – All parts of the plant might be toxic. Juniperus communis -Although the fruits of this plant is quite often used medicinally and as a flavouring in various foods and drinks, large doses of the fruit can cause retal damage. Juniper should not be used internally in any quantities by pregnant women. Diarrhoea with repeated use. Avoid kidney disease. Do not use internally for more than 6 weeks. Juniperus sabina – The whole plant is poinsonous and can produce abortions. Juniperus virginiana – All parts of the plant might be toxic. PFAP website
#117(a)
Common Name: Ashe’s Juniper, Moutain Cedar, Blueberry Juniper (Juniperus ashei )

Appearance and Habitat: Evergreen tree with trunk often grooved and twisted or branched from base, and with rounded or irregular, open crown; sometimes forming thickets. Ashe junipers large, radiating branches, which start almost at ground level, give the illusion of a multi-trunked tree. Female trees with blue berrylike cones; male with a burnt gold appearance in winter due to pollen. Fragrant, dark-green foliage, blue fruits on females, and shaggy bark are characteristic of this 30 ft. evergreen. Though a fragrant, evergreen, and picturesque tree, Ashe Juniper pollen, like that of many junipers, is very irritating to people with cedar allergies, so where the tree occurs in large concentrations, as in central Texas, it often becomes hated and targeted for removal, with various, sometimes invented, rationalizations given for doing so. Ashe Juniper is native, it has been abundant since the earliest European explorers arrived (and likely longer, given evidence that it has been in Texas since the Pleistocene), and it is an integral part of the native flora. The uniquely rich and well-draining soil that builds up as juniper leaves fall and decompose is ideal for several native plants, some of which tend to occur almost exclusively in association with it, including Cedar Sage (Salvia roemeriana) and Cedar Rosette Grass (Dichanthelium pedicillatum). The beautiful but notoriously difficult to propagate Texas Madrone (Arbutus xalapensis) also seems to germinate best in the soil beneath these trees. Other central Texas plants often seen under or near it are American Smoke Tree (Cotinus obovatus), White Limestone Honeysuckle (Lonicera albiflora), Lindheimers Garrya (Garrya ovata var. lindheimeri), and Orange Zexmenia (Wedelia texana). Better known is that a rare warbler, the Golden-cheeked Warbler, uses Ashe Juniper bark almost exclusively to build its nests. Many kinds of wildlife eat the sweetish berries, and the durable wood is a local source of fenceposts.(1)Found at lower elevations, growing mainly on limestone hills or in soils underladen with limestone. Southern N. America-Missouri to Texas and south to Mexico. An evergreen tree growing to 6 m (19ft 8in) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 7. It is in leaf 12-Jan, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. The cones are about 6 – 8mm in diameter, they are thin-skinned sweet, juicy and resinous.(3)
Medicinal Uses: None
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUAS
Foot Notes:
(2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+ashei

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#117(b)
Common Name: California Juniper, Desert White Cedar
(Juniperus californica )
Appearance and Habitat:
A tree-like shrub, 10-15 ft. high, with stout, irregular stems and a broad, erect, open habit. Bark is ashy gray, foliage is bluish-gray and scale-like, and berry-like cones are bluish, turning reddish-brown. Able to withstand heat and drought, this species extends farther down into the semidesert zone than other junipers and is important in erosion control on dry slopes. Indians used to gather the berries to eat fresh and to grind into meal for baking.
(1) Dry rocky or gravelly or sandy soils on dry mountain slopes and hills, 120 – 1200 meters in South-western N. America. An evergreen tree growing to 12 m (39ft 4in) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 8. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Feb to April, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A thick, sweet, dry, fibrous and non-resinous flesh. It can also be dried and ground into a powder then used as a flavouring in various dishes or eaten as a mush. The fruit is produced abundantly in the wild, though it is unlikely to be freely produced in Britain. The cones are about 10 – 20mm in diameter
(3)
Medicinal Uses: The scorched twigs have been rubbed on the body in the treatment of fits. The leaves are analgesic, diaphoretic and hypotensive. An infusion has been used in the treatment of high blood pressure, coughs and colds and to bring relief from a hangover (the bark was also used in this case). It has also been taken by pregnant women just prior to childbirth in order to relax the muscles.
(4)
Foot Notes: (1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUCA7
Foot Notes:
(2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx LatinName=Juniperus+californica

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#117(c)
Common Name: Common Juniper
(Juniperus communis)

Appearance and Habitat: Usually a spreading low shrub, sometimes forming broad or prostrate clumps; rarely a small tree with an open irregular crown. Although commonly a tree in Eurasia, Common Juniper is only rarely a small tree in New England and other northeastern States. In the West, it is a low shrub, often at timberline. Including geographic varieties, this species is the most widely distributed native conifer in both North America and the world. Juniper berries are food for wildlife, especially grouse, pheasants, and bobwhites. They are an ingredient in gin, producing the distinctive aroma and tang. (1) Chalk downs in S. England but only where there is least sunshine and most rain, heaths, moors, pine and birch woods in the north of Scotland on acid peat, often dominant on chalk, limestone and slate. Northern temperate zone, incl. Britain, south to the mountains of N. Africa, Himalayas and California. An evergreen shrub growing to 9 m (29ft) by 4 m (13ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 2 and is not frost tender. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. It is usually harvested in the autumn when fully ripe and then dried for later use. A soft, mealy, sweet, resinous flesh. The fruit is often used as a flavouring in sauerkraut, stuffings, vegetable pates etc, and is an essential ingredient of gin. The aromatic fruit is used as a pepper substitute according to one report. An essential oil is sometimes distilled from the fruit to be used as a flavouring. Average yields are around 1%. The cones are about 4 – 8mm in diameter and take 2 – 3 years to mature. Some caution is advised when using the fruit, see the notes above on toxicity. The roasted seed is a coffee substitute. A tea is made by boiling the leaves and stems. A tea made from the berries has a spicy gin-like flavour.(3)
Medicinal Uses: Juniper fruits are commonly used in herbal medicine, as a household remedy, and also in some commercial preparations. They are especially useful in the treatment of digestive disorders plus kidney and bladder problems. The fully ripe fruits are strongly antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, strongly diuretic, rubefacient, stomachic and tonic. They are used in the treatment of cystitis, digestive problems, chronic arthritis, gout and rheumatic conditions. They can be eaten raw or used in a tea, but some caution is advised since large doses can irritate the urinary passage. Externally, it is applied as a diluted essential oil, having a slightly warming effect upon the skin and is thought to promote the removal of waste products from underlying tissues. It is, therefore, helpful when applied to arthritic joints etc. The fruits should not be used internally by pregnant women since this can cause an abortion. The fruits also increase menstrual bleeding so should not be used by women with heavy periods. When made into an ointment, they are applied to exposed wounds and prevent irritation by flies. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is ‘Toxin elimination’.
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUCO6
Foot Notes:
(2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+communis

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#117(d)
Common Name: Allegator Juniper, Checkerboard Juniper
(Juniperus deppeana)

Appearance and Habitat: Alligator juniper forms a broadly-pyramidal or round-topped crown. The distinctive bark is furrowed into checkered plates. Fragrant, dark blue-green, scale-like foliage and copper-colored fruit are other landscape characteristics. This evergreen grows to 48 ft. in height. Alligator Juniper is easily recognized by its distinctive bark. One of the largest junipers, it is used for fuel and fenceposts. New sprouts often appear at the base of cut stumps. The large berries are consumed by birds and mammals. Large trees often have a partially dead crown of grotesque appearance with some branches that die and turn light gray instead of falling; other branches die only in a vertical strip and continue to grow on the other side.(1) Open oak or pine woodlands on dry, arid mountains slopes, 1200 – 1800 meters in South-western N. America – Texas, Arizona and Mexico. An evergreen tree growing to 18 m (59ft 1in) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 8. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Feb to March, and the seeds ripen from Oct to November.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A dry and mealy texture but with a sweet and palatable taste. The fruit can also be dried, ground into a meal and prepared as a mush or cakes. The fruit has a sweetish palatable pulp and is about 15mm in diameter. The cones take 2 years to mature(3)
Medicinal Uses: None
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUDE2
Foot Notes:
(2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+deppeana

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#117(e)
Common Name: Creeping Juniper
(Juniperus horizontalis)

Appearance and Habitat: Creeping juniper is a procumbent, mat-like, evergreen shrub, less than 3 ft. tall but up to 20 ft. wide. Long, trailing branches are covered with conspicuously glaucous, soft-textured, blue-green, scale-type foliage. Juvenile foliage is prickly. Dark blue, berry-like cones with a heavy, white bloom, persist through winter.(1) Dry rocky soil, sterile pastures and fields in Northern N. America – Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Washington and Maine. An evergreen shrub growing to 1 m (3ft 3in) by 3 m (9ft). It is hardy to zone 4. It is in leaf 12-Jan, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: The fruits are roasted and used in the preparation of a coffee-like beverage. A tea is made from the young branch tips.(3)
Medicinal Uses: An infusion of the branches, or fleshy cones, has been used in the treatment of coughs, colds and fevers. The cones or branches can also be used as a steam bath. An infusion of the seeds has been used in the treatment of kidney problems
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1)(http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUHO2
Foot Notes: 2, 3, 4)
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+horizontalis

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#117(f)
Common Name: Oneseed Juniper, Cherrystone Juniper
(Juniperus monosperma)

Appearance and Habitat: One-seed juniper is a large shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft., with a gnarled, multi-trunked appearance in the wild. Larger branches usually arise from below ground level. Bark is thin, scaly and ashy. Fragrant foliage is scale-like on mature twigs; needle-like on juvenile shoots and seedlings. Bluish-black to copper-colored fruits occur on the female plants. This abundant juniper is one of the most common small trees in New Mexico. The wood is important for fenceposts and fuel, and Indians used to make mats and cloth from the fibrous bark. Birds and mammals consume the juicy berries, and goats browse the foliage.(1) Dry rocky or sandy soils, 1000 – 2300 meters in South-western N. America – along the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to Mexico. An evergreen tree growing to 18 m (59ft 1in) at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 4. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower in April, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. Soft, juicy and pulpy, but with a thin flesh. It can be dried and ground into a powder and then be baked, or can be used as a seasoning in stews etc. The fruits were only used when other foods were in short supply. The cones are about 5 – 8mm in diameter and ripen in their first year. Inner bark – raw or cooked. It was chewed in times of food shortage for the little nourishment it supplied. The gum is chewed as a delicacy. No further details are given.(3)
Medicinal Uses: One-seed juniper was commonly employed medicinally by a number of native North American Indian tribes, who used it to treat a variety of complaints. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism. The leaves are febrifuge, laxative and pectoral. An infusion is used in the treatment of stomach complaints, constipation, coughs and colds. An infusion was also used by pregnant women prior to childbirth in order to relax the muscles. A poultice of the heated twigs can be bound over a bruise or sprain in order to reduce the swelling. An infusion of the staminate cones has been used as a stomach tonic and in the treatment of dysentery. The chewed bark has been applied externally to help heal spider bites. It is also highly prized as a dressing on burns. The fruits are strongly diuretic. A gum from the plant has been used as a temporary filling in a decayed toothheadaches
(4)
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUMO
Foot Notes:
(2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+monosperma
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#117(g)
Common Name: Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

Appearance and Habitat: Western juniper is a 15-50 ft. , evergreen tree with a massive, squat trunk; large, wide-spreading branches; and reddish-brown, shreddy bark. Foliage is gray-green and berries are blue-black at maturity. Younger specimens are more trim and erect than their mature counterparts, with paler green foliage. Western Juniper is common at high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada. Giants reach a trunk diameter of 16 (5 m) and an estimated age of more than 2000 years. This species may develop thick, long roots that entwine rock outcrops, mimicking the shape of the branches.(1)Usually found on thin rocky or sandy soils on desert foothills and lower mountains, also on windswept peaks up to elevations of 3,000 meters where they become low gnarled shrubs. Western N. America – British Columbia to the Sierra Nevada. An evergreen tree growing to 18 m (59ft 1in) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 5. It is in leaf 12-Jan, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A thin dry flesh with a resinous flavour. The fruit is sweet and nutritious, it can also be dried or ground into a powder and mixed with cereal flours to be made into a bread.The cones are about 10mm in diameter, they take 2 years to mature(3)
Medicinal Uses: Western juniper was quite widely employed as a medicinal herb by a number of native North American tribes who used it to treat a variety of complaints, especially those related to the kidneys and the skin. It is rarely, if at all, used in modern herbalism. The leaves are blood tonic and laxative. A decoction is used in the treatment of constipation, coughs and colds. An infusion of the leaves has been taken by pregnant women prior to giving birth in order to relax the muscles. A poultice of the pounded moistened leaves has been applied to the jaw to treat swollen and sore gums and toothaches. The berries are analgesic, blood tonic and diuretic. A decoction is used to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps and to induce urination. Externally, the decoction is used as a poultice on rheumatic joints. The young twigs are antiseptic, blood tonic and febrifuge. A decoction is used in the treatment of kidney problems, fevers, stomach aches, smallpox, influenza and haemorrhages. The branches have been used in a sweat bath to ease rheumatism. A poultice of the twigs has been used as a dressing on burns and as a drawing agent on boils or splinters. A decoction has been used as an antiseptic wash on sores. The leaves or young twigs have been burnt and the smoke inhaled to ease the pain of headaches.
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUOC
Foot Notes:
(2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+occidentalis

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#117(h)
Common Name: Utah Juniper
(Juniperus osteosperma)

Native American Name: Sammapo (Shoshone), Wapi (Paiute), Paal (Washoe) Bat-they-naw (Arapaho)(1)
Appearance and Habitat: Utah Juniper is a tree-like shrub or bushy, small tree, 10-20 ft. tall. The plant forms rounded clumps or crowns. Branchlets are stiff with thin, ashy, scaly bark. Foliage is scale-like on mature twigs; needle-like on juvenile shoots and seedlings. Fruit is red-brown beneath a bloom when mature. The most common juniper in Arizona, it is conspicuous at the south rim of the Grand Canyon and on higher canyon walls. Utah Juniper grows slowly, becoming craggier and more contorted with age. American Indians used the bark for cordage, sandals, woven bags, thatching, and matting. They also ate the berries fresh or in cakes. Birds and small mammals also consume quantities of juniper berries. Junipers are also called cedars; Cedar Breaks National Monument and nearby Cedar City in southwestern Utah are named for this tree. Scattered tufts of yellowish twigs with whitish berries found on the trees are a parasitic mistletoe, which is characteristic of this tree. (2)Thin, dry rocky or gravelly soils on mountain slopes and high plains in desert regions between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. South-western N. America-California to New Mexico and Wyoming. An evergreen tree growing to 12 m (39ft 4in) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 5. It is in leaf 12-Jan, and the seeds ripen in October.(3)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A thin flesh, it is sweet but strongly flavoured of resin and has a mealy texture. Used as a flavouring in stews. The fruit can be eaten fresh or it can be dried and ground into a powder then baked into cakes. The cones are about 6 – 18mm in diameter, they take 2 years to mature(4)
Medicinal Uses: Desert juniper was widely employed medicinally by a number of native North American Indian tribes who used it to treat a variety of complaints, especially those connected to the bladder and kidneys and to the skin. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism. The leaves are antiseptic, blood tonic and laxative. A decoction is used in the treatment of constipation. A poultice of the leaves has been applied to the jaw to treat toothaches and sore and swollen gums. A decoction of the young twigs has been used in the treatment of stomach aches, kidney complaints, haemorrhages, coughs and colds. Fumes from the burning twigs have been inhaled in the treatment of headaches and colds. The branches have been used in a sweat bath to treat rheumatism. A strong decoction has been used as an antiseptic wash on sores. A poultice of the mashed twigs has been used as a dressing on burns and swellings. The seeds are analgesic. They have been eaten in the treatment of headaches. The fruits are analgesic, blood tonic and diuretic. A decoction has been used to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps, to induce urination and to treat kidney complaints, fevers, coughs and colds. Externally, a decoction has been used as a poultice on rheumatic joints.
(5)Native Americans of the west used Juniper berries for the treatment of bladder problems by ingesting them, eaten or placed in tea. They also used it for rheumatism and arthritis by having burning wood down to the coals, laying fresh Juniper boughs on the coals and have the patient lie down on them and steam while drinking tea from the leaves. For birth control they would drink a cup of tea from the berries for three successive days. They used the tea also to end hiccoughs. The Arapaho used J. sibirica needles by placing them on hot rocks or on a stove to help drive smallpox away. The Shoshones had a folk lore about the Coyote, it was said that the Coyote could make pine nuts because he was the smartest of animals, but when all gathered to watch him, they turned out to be Juniper berries.(6)
Other Uses:
The Shoshone and Paiute Tribes used Juniper branches to make their bows.(7)
Foot Notes:
(1, 6, 7)Indian Uses of Native Plants by Edith Murphey, pages 19, 41, 43, 45-47, 50, 52 , Publisher: Meyerbooks Copy right 1990; ISBN 0-916638-15-4
Foot Notes: (2)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUOS
Foot Notes:
(3 , 4, 5 )http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+osteosperma
***************************

#117(i)
Common Name: Rocky Mountain Juniper, Rocky Mountain Red Cedar (Juniperus scopulorum)
Appearance and Habitat:
A columnar to somewhat rounded evergreen tree, Rocky Mountain juniper often supports several main stems. The juvenile foliage consists of pointed, white-coated needles. Adult, scale-like foliage varies in color from dark- to bluish- or light-green. Round, dark-blue, berry-like cones, covered with a whitish bloom, ripen in the second year. Mature size is from 30-40 ft. high with a spread of 3-15 ft. Bark is reddish-brown or gray and shedding. A graceful ornamental, often with narrow crown of drooping foliage, several varieties differ in form and in leaf color. The aromatic wood is especially suited for cedar chests and is also used for lumber, fenceposts, and fuel. Wildlife eat the berries.(1) Scattered singly on dry rocky ridges, foothills and bluffs in montane areas or in dry habitats of the coastal forest region. The best specimens are found on slightly alkaline soils. Western N. America – British Columbia to Mexico and California. An evergreen tree growing to 10 m (32ft) by 4 m (13ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. Sweet and fleshy, but strongly flavoured. Resinous. Often used as a flavouring, imparting a sage-like taste, for which purpose it is usually dried and ground into a powder. The fruit can also be dried and ground into a meal for making mush and cakes.The fruits are about 5 – 8mm in diameter. The roasted fruit is a coffee substitute. A tea is made from the fruits and young shoots(3)
Medicinal Uses: Rocky Mountain juniper was widely employed medicinally by many native North American Indian tribes who used it in particular to treat problems connected with the chest and kidneys. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism. A tea made from the terminal shoots has been used in the treatment of VD by some N. American Indian tribes. The treatment has to be taken over a long period of time. The fruits are appetizer, diuretic and stomachic. An infusion has been used in the treatment of stomach, kidney and bladder problems. An infusion of the twigs has been used in the treatment of fevers, pneumonia, coughs and colds. A poultice of the mashed and dampened branches has been applied to skin sores. The leaves are diaphoretic, disinfectant, febrifuge, haemostatic, laxative, sedative and tonic. A decoction has been used in the treatment of internal bleeding, constipation and constant coughing. The leaves have been boiled, then mixed with turpentine and used as an external treatment on rheumatic joints. The leaves have been rubbed into the hair in order to treat dandruff.
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUSC2
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+scopulorum
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#117(j)
Common Name: Southern Red Cedar
(Juniperus silicicola)

Appearance and Habitat: Evergreen aromatic tree with narrow or spreading crown, lower branches drooping; sometimes forming thickets. This southeastern coastal relative of Eastern Red Cedar is distinguished by its often drooping foliage and smaller berries and is planted as an ornamental. The wood is similarly used for fenceposts, cedar chests, cabinetwork, and carvings. The Latin name silicola means growing in sand.(1) Low wet areas of swamps, steams and creek margins and flood-plain woodlands. Tolerating varying levels of soil moisture, it also grows in open woods and abandoned fields, usually on limestone. South-eastern N. America – South Carolina to Texas. An evergreen tree growing to 20 m (65ft) by 8 m (26ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 8. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen in October(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A thin, sweetish resinous flesh, the cones are about 7 – 10mm in diameter and have a thin skin.(3)
Medicinal Uses: The leaves are analgesic, antirheumatic, diuretic and febrifuge. An infusion has been used in the treatment of fevers, stiff neck, backache, headaches, low fever, coughs, colds and diarrhoea. A decoction of the leaves has been used as a body rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatism. The following reports are for the closely related J. virginiana, they probably also apply to this species. The leaves are anthelmintic, diuretic, rubefacient and stimulant. A decoction has been used in the treatment of coughs and colds, general weakness and as a medicine for convalescents. The berries are anthelmintic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue and mildly antiseptic. They have been chewed as a treatment for mouth ulcers or made into a tea to treat colds, rheumatism, worms etc. The fresh young twigs are used as a diuretic. An infusion has been used both internally and as a steam bath in the treatment of rheumatism. The essential oil from the wood is an abortifacient, in some cases it has caused vomiting, convulsions, coma and death. The plant is said to contain the anticancer compound podophyllotoxin. The essential oil from the berries is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is ‘Composing’
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUVIS
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+silicicola
*****************************
#117(k)
Common Name: Eastern Red Cedar, Virginia Juniper
(Juniperus virginiana)

Appearance and Habitat: Evergreen, aromatic tree with trunk often angled and buttressed at base and narrow, compact, columnar crown; sometimes becoming broad and irregular. Pyramidal when young, Eastern red-cedar mature form is quite variable. This evergreen usually grows 30-40 ft. but can reach 90 ft. Fragrant, scale-like foliage can be coarse or fine-cut, and varies in color from gray-green to blue-green to light- or dark-green. All colors tend to brown in winter. Pale blue fruits occur on female plants. Soft, silvery bark covers the single trunk. The most widely distributed eastern conifer, native in 37 states, Eastern Red Cedar is resistant to extremes of drought, heat, and cold. Red Cedar can be injurious to apple orchards because it is an alternate host for cedar-apple rust, a fungal disease. First observed at Roanoke Island, Virginia, in 1564, it was prized by the colonists for building furniture, rail fences, and log cabins. (1)Dry, rarely wet, open woods and rock slopes, often on limestone. Infertile soils and old pastures in Central and Eastern N. America from Canada south to Georgia and Texas. An evergreen growing to 20 m (65ft) by 8 m (26ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 4. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A sweetish resinous flesh. They can be crushed and used as a flavouring in soups and stews. The cones are about 5mm in diameter. About 10mm according to another report. A tea is made from the fruit. It is not very nice. It is made from the young branchlets and the fruit according to one report. (3)
Medicinal Uses: Pencil cedar leaves were much used medicinally by the native N. American Indians, and also in folk medicine by the white settlers, especially to treat chest complaints and skin problems such as venereal warts and other excrescences. The leaves are anthelmintic, diuretic, rubefacient and stimulant. A decoction has been used in the treatment of coughs and colds, general weakness and as a medicine for convalescents. The berries are anthelmintic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue and mildly antiseptic. They have been chewed as a treatment for mouth ulcers or made into a tea to treat colds, rheumatism, worms etc. The fresh young twigs are used as a diuretic. An infusion has been used both internally and as a steam bath in the treatment of rheumatism. The essential oil from the wood is an abortifacient, in some cases it has caused vomiting, convulsions, coma and death. The plant is said to contain the anticancer compound podophyllotoxin. The essential oil from the berries is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is ‘Composing’.
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=JUVI
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+virginiana
********************************

(Now for Michael Moore)
Appearance and Habitat: There are two types of Junipers, small trees with dark olive green scaly, legless twigs, and a high altitude shrub with sharp pine-like needles. Both the fruit and the leaves, or scales, have a strong aromatic. The fruit or seeds are nearly perfectly round and green, at first, turning a frosted blue by spring. The high altitude types, such as J. communis, are flattened shrubs that eventually can reach a circumference of ten to fifteen feet. The needle leaves are sharp prickly with a bluish green color, which is lighter underneath. The purple berries are green the first fall and are spread among the branches with mature berries from the year before. Generally the berries are clustered on the underside of the outer branches. The high altitude Junipers (J. cummunis, J. sibirica, and J. montana) are usually found above 8,000 feet but can grow to timberline. The tree Junipers are found at lower altitudes in dry foothills from 1,500 feet to 8,000 feet. They can form pure stands, but normally they are found in an area with Pinion Pine, especially true in Arizona and New Mexico.
Edible Uses: The berries are necessary in venison marinades and in cooking any wild meats. Use ten berries per pound of meat. They are also used in making sauerkraut and German potato salad. The leaves make a good garnish for wild fowl and fish by placing them with the food shortly before removing them from the heat. (3)
Medicinal Uses: Collect the fruit and dry them loosely in hanging cheesecloth by doubling over the cheesecloth to form a pocket for the fruit to dry. Only pick the fruit when it is ripe (bluish or purplish in color) Collect the leaves or scales by removing small branches, wrap them together in bundles about an inch in diameter to dry. Remember never dry herbs in the sun.
Juniper is most frequently used for urinary tract infections such as cystitis and urethritis. The berries are the most effective. Use a teaspoon of the crushed berries or a rounded teaspoon of the leaves to make a tea. Use a cup of water in making the tea and steep them for 15 minutes. You can drink up to three cups daily. Juniper should not be used when there is a kidney infection or kidney weakness as the oils excreted in the urine can be irritating to such inflammations. Eating a few berries prior to a meal will stimulate the stomach to produce hydrochloric acid and pepsin, which are normal secretions. The aromatic properties of all Junipers have been used by many cultures to ward off negative influences such as bad magic or plagues. With so many cultures using Juniper for the aromatic properties it has to be beneficial to humans. The berries have been thrown on hot rocks in sweat lodges, saunas, and the foliage made into incense. During pregnancy eating or the berries or drinking the tea from the foliage is not recommended as the volative oils can have a vasodilating effect on the uterine lining.
 Medicinal Plants Of the Mountain West  by Michael Moore, 1st Edition, page 93-94, publisher:  Museum of New Mexico Press ; copy right 1979  ISBN 0-89013-104-X  
Blog Master’s Note: I firmly believe that when camping or backpacking, if you place fresh Juniper/Cedar branches around your sleeping bag  and maybe make a mattress out of them (that the snake would have to crawl over or through) you would be safe from snakes.   There is something in the oil from Juniper/Cedar that will kill a snake.

Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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