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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants

Tag Archives: treat gallstones

Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants 156-157 Cleavers, Dandelion

06 Thursday Sep 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

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Blowball, Catchweed Bedstraw, Chicoria, Cleavers, coffee substitute, dissolve urinary stones, edible Dandelion, edible Galium aparine, field craft, field medicine, Galium aparine, Goosegrass, high levels of potassium salts, militia supply, prepper plants, remove corns, remove warts, restore liver function after hepatitis, Stickywilly, Taraxacum officinale, treat cancer, treat cancerous ulcers, treat chronic constipation, treat eczema, treat gallstones, treat gout, treat hepatitis, treat jaundice, treat kidney infections, treat liver congestion, treat liver stones, treat oedema, treat psoriasis, treat skin problems, treat tonsillitis, treat urnary tract infections, treat wounds, treat yeast infections, treatment for burns, treatment for kidney gravel, treatment for liver stones, treatment for urinary tract gravel, treatment of gall bladder stones

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 
#156
Common Name: Cleavers, Goosegrass, Catchweed Bedstraw, Stickywilly, Coachweed 
Latin Name:
Galium aparine
Family: Rubiaceae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=gaap2
All States except Hawaii; In Canada; British Columbia to Quebec, plus Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.
Photos: Here
Appearance and Habitat: A weak-stemmed, reclining plant with backward-booked bristles on stems and leaves, and clusters of 1-3 (usually 2) very small white flowers on stalks rising from whorled leaf axils. The common name is appropriate since the bristles cause the stems, leaves, and fruits to cleave to clothes and the fur of animals. The fact that geese eat the plants accounts for the other common name. The plants are also known as Bedstraws since the pleasant smelling foliage of a yellow-flowered species (G. verum), was used to stuff mattresses in medieval times.(1)  An abundant native, annual, that blooms April to June. Variety of habitats, sea level to mid-elevations in the mountains. Scrambling annual, the weak stem 1-10 dm. tall, little branched, square with retrorse hooks on the angles. Leaves: Leaves mostly in whorls of 8, tipped with a sharp point, narrow, 1-nerved, 1-4 cm. long, with stiff, recurved hairs on the margins and mid-rib beneath. Flowers: Inflorescences of 3-5 flowers on peduncles in the leaf axils which surpass the whorl of leaves, usually with a whorl of small leaves at the summit, or the peduncles in threes at the ends of short, axillary branches; pedicels straight and ascending; calyx obsolete; corolla rotate, 1-2 mm. wide, greenish-white, the 4 lobes much longer than the tube; styles 2, short; ovary 2-celled, inferior. Fruits: Fruit dry, 2-4 mm. long, covered with hooked bristles.(2)   Hedgerows and as a weed of cultivated land. Moist and grassy places on most types of soil. Europe, oncluding Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, N. and W. Asia. An annual growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 3 m (9ft 10in). It is hardy to zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Jun to August, and the seeds ripen from Aug to September.(3)  Of all the Galium species in the west, Cleavers is the most common. Most are perennials, except Cleavers which is an annual. They can all be used interchangeable for their medicinal qualities. Cleavers has a square stem with bristly edges and can form vine like mats over other bushes. Large plants may attain a height of 6 or 7 feet, if untangled and spread out. All Galiums are either small shrubs, with several weak stems, or have the habit of vining like Cleavers. The flowers are white and star shaped. The seeds that develop after the flowers are in pairs from each flower and are bristly and green. The leaves are roundly lanceloate and form circular rosettes along the stem comprising of 6 or 8 leaves. It can be found from sea level to 10,000 feet, but in the southwest it is usually found in the mountains. Watch for it along streamsides, moist embankments, pastures and in the shade under trees. Most species were introduced form Europe.(4)
Warnings: The sap of the plant can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive people. Can cause sever skin irritation.(5)
Edible Uses:The tender young shoot tips – raw or cooked as a pot-herb. A rather bitter flavour that some people find unpalatable, they are best used in the spring. They make a useful addition to vegetable soups. It is said that using this plant as a vegetable has a slimming effect on the body. The roasted seed is a coffee substitute. One of the best substitutes, it merely needs to be dried and lightly roasted and has much the flavour of coffee. A decoction of the whole dried plant gives a drink equal to tea.(6)
Medicinal Uses :Goosegrass has a long history of domestic medicinal use and is also used widely by modern herbalists. A valuable diuretic, it is often taken to treat skin problems such as seborrhoea, eczema and psoriasis, and as a general detoxifying agent in serious illnesses such as cancer. The whole plant, excluding the root, is alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary. It is harvested in May and June as it comes into flower and can be used fresh or dried for later use. It is used both internally and externally in the treatment of a wide range of ailments, including as a poultice for wounds, ulcers and many other skin problems, and as a decoction for insomnia and cases where a strong diuretic is beneficial. It has been shown of benefit in the treatment of glandular fever, ME, tonsillitis, hepatitis, cystitis etc. The plant is often used as part of a spring tonic drink with other herbs. A tea made from the plant has traditionally been used internally and externally in the treatment of cancer. One report says that it is better to use a juice of the plant rather than a tea. The effectiveness of this treatment has never been proved or disproved. A number of species in this genus contain asperuloside, a substance that produces coumarin and gives the scent of new-mown hay as the plant dries. Asperuloside can be converted into prostaglandins (hormone-like compounds that stimulate the uterus and affect blood vessels), making the genus of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. A homeopathic remedy has been made from the plant.(7)  When collecting the vine type, simply wad them up, take them home and hang them in the shade. For the smooth stemmed variety bundle them in 1/2 inch bundles and place them in a short cardboard box, in the shade to dry. The plant is good for treating urinary tract and skin problems. The tea, made with a tablespoon of the dried herb is pleasant to drink and is of value for treating hepatitis and inflammations of the lower uninary tract. Take the tea 3 times daily, an hour before each meal. The tea is also useful in urinary tract gravel, as it acts as a diuretic. The fresh plant can be juiced and is a bit stronger than the tea. To use the juice use 2 or 3 teaspoons in a cup of water 3 times a day; once again an hour before meals. Either the juice or tea can also be used on slow to heal burns or ulcerated skin. It also has value for cancerous ulcers; proven by homeopaths.( 8 )
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=GAAP2
Foot Notes: (2 )http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Galium&Species=aparine
Foot Notes: ( 3, 5, 6, 7 )http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+aparine
Foot Notes: (4, 8 ) Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West 2nd Edition, by Michael Moore, pages 85-86, Publisher: Museum of New Mexico Press, Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-89013-454-5
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#157
Common Name: Dandelion, Chicoria, Blowball,
Latin Name:
Taraxacum officinale
Family: Compositae
Range:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=taof
All States, all of Canada.
Photos: Here
Appearance and Habitat: Non-native species. JAM. A common weed, its solitary flower head, each with numerous yellow ray flowers, tops a hollow, leafless stalk that rises from the center of a rosette of toothed leaves. Stem juice is milky. Unpublished. Non-native species. JAM. The popular name comes from dent de lion, French for lions tooth, referring to the teeth on the leaves. The young leaves may be used in salads and soups; wine is made from the heads. Several species, some native to high mountain meadows, are similar to the Common Dandelion but may have reddish-brown fruits and outer bracts that do not curl.(1)    Blooms March through October. Common in disturbed areas, fields, lawns, from the coast to the alpine. Mostly glabrous perennial herb from a fleshy taproot, strictly scapose, the scape to 50 cm. high, with milky juice. Leaves all basal, oblanceolate, 6-40 cm. long and 0.7-15 cm. wide, with lobes that angle backward, the terminal lobe the largest, tapering to a narrow base. Flowers: Scape hollow, with a few soft hairs upward, terminating in a large, solitary head; involucre 1.5-2.5 cm. high, the bracts in two series, the outer shorter, the inner 13-21, these at first erect, becoming reflexed; corollas all ligulate, bright yellow; the mature achenes and the white pappus form a ball.(2)   A very common weed of grassland and cultivated ground throughout most of the northern hemisphere, including Britain. A perennial growing to 0.5 m (1ft 8in) by 0.3 m (1ft). It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May, and the seeds ripen from May to June.(3)   A very common weed, it has no stems. The leaves, hollow flower stems, grow directly from the root. If the plant you found has divided stems or branched stems, it is not Dandelion. The most potent, as for medical use, are found in the mountains of the west. The leaves and roots are stronger than those found in the lower altitudes. It can grow almost to the tree line and is found in all mountains of the west.(4)
Warnings: This plant has been mentioned in various books on poisonous plants but any possible toxins will be of very low concentration and toxicity. There are reports that some people have suffered dermatitis as a result of touching the plant, this is probably caused by the latex in the leaves and stems.(5)
Edible Uses:Leaves – raw or cooked. When used in salads, they are rather bitter, though less so in the winter. Tender young leaves are considerably less bitter than older leaves. The leaves are often blanched (by excluding light from the growing plant) before use. This will make them less bitter, but they will also contain less vitamins and minerals. A very nutritious food, 100g of the raw leaves contain about 2.7g. protein, 9.2g. carbohydrate, 187mg Calcium, 66mg phosphorus, 3.1mg iron, 76mg sodium, 397mg potassium, 36mg magnesium, 14000iu vitamin A, 0.19mg vitamin B1, 0.26mg vitamin B2, 35mg vitamin C. Root – raw or cooked. Bitter. A turnip-like flavour. Flowers – raw or cooked. A rather bitter flavour, the unopened flower buds can be used in fritters and they can also be preserved in vinegar and used like capers. Both the leaves and the roots are used to flavour herbal beers and soft drinks such as ‘Dandelion and Burdock’. The roots of 2 year old plants are harvested in the autumn, dried and roasted to make a very good coffee substitute. It is caffeine-free. A pleasant tea is made from the flowers. They are also used to make wine – all green parts should be removed when making wine to prevent a bitter flavour. The leaves and the roots can also be used to make tea.(6)
Medicinal Uses :The dandelion is a commonly used herbal remedy. It is especially effective and valuable as a diuretic because it contains high levels of potassium salts and therefore can replace the potassium that is lost from the body when diuretics are used. All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections. The dried root has a weaker action. The roots can be used fresh or dried and should be harvested in the autumn when 2 years old. The leaves are harvested in the spring when the plant is in flower and can be dried for later use. A tea can be made from the leaves or, more commonly, from the roots. The plant is used internally in the treatment of gall bladder and urinary disorders, gallstones, jaundice, cirrhosis, dyspepsia with constipation, oedema associated with high blood pressure and heart weakness, chronic joint and skin complaints, gout, eczema and acne. The plant has an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumococci, Meningococci, Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, C. diphtheriae, Proteus etc. The latex contained in the plant sap can be used to remove corns, warts and verrucae. The latex has a specific action on inflammations of the gall bladder and is also believed to remove stones in the liver. A tea made from the leaves is laxative. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Taraxacum officinale for dyspepsia, urnary tract infections, liver and gallbladder complaints, appetite loss. (7)   This plant should not be stored longer than a year, as it loses a lot of potency after that period. Collect the leaves and flowers and dry them in a cheesecloth fold, hung in the shade in an airy spot. You can also dry the leaves and flowers in a short cardboard box with the cheesecloth under them for support. The roots need to be split in half and dried in a similar fashion to the leaves and flowers. The roots can also be used for a fresh tincture at a ratio of 1 part root to 2 parts 45% vodka by weight. The leaves and roots and a safe diuretic and can be taken as needed, as there is no toxic effects from using Dandelion. Using it increases the water and waste in the urine helping to dissolve urinary stones. Taking frequent doses of the fresh root tincture, one-half teaspoon, will help with kidney infections and restoring liver function after hepatitis. At one teaspoon of the tincture, taken often through the day, it will help treat liver or spleen cogestion. You can also use the dried leaves for tea, at a ratio of 1 part dried leaf to 32 parts water, by weight. Bring the water to a boil, remove it from the heat, add the leaf material and allow it to sit for 6 to 8 hours. You can take from 3-6 ounces as needed. The tea is helpful for chronic constipation caused by age. To help dissolve urinary stones, boil up to an ounce of the dried chopped root in a quart of water and drink in several doses through the day. This takes about 10 days to find relief. You can also drink two tablespoons of the root tincture twice a day for 10 days to remove urinary gravel.( 8 )
Foot Notes: (1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=TAOF
Foot Notes: (2 )http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Taraxacum&Species=officinale
Foot Notes: ( 3, 5, 6, 7 )http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+officinale
Foot Notes: (4, 8 ) Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West 2nd Edition, by Michael Moore, pages 103-105, Publisher: Museum of New Mexico Press, Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-89013-454-5

Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants 115 – 116 Crabapples – Coral Root

25 Wednesday Apr 2012

Posted by eowyndbh in Uncategorized

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Tags

antirheumatic, coral root powerful diaphoretic, coral root tea, crabapple a blood purifier, edible crabapples, home remedies, Malus angustifolia, Malus coronaria, Malus fusca, Malus ioensis, Malus prunifolia, militia supply, Native American culture, Native American foods, native american medicine, natural seditive, prepper's plant, recipes for crabapples, squaw apple, sweet crabapple, treat colds, treat gallstones, treat nervous disorders, treat pneumonia, treat radiation poisoning, treat radiation sickness, treat rheumatism, treat ringworm, treat snow blindness, treatment for black eyes, treatment for lung problems

Medical disclaimer: always check with a physician before consuming wild plants, and make positive identification in the field using a good source such as Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West.  Michael Moore also has a glossary of medical terms in his books, and maps in later editions. ) 
#115
Common Name: Crab Apple, Squaw Apple, Sweet Crab Apple, Prairie Crab Apple, Oregon Crab Apple, Wild Crab Apple
Latin Name: Malus angustifolia, M. ioensis, M. coronaria, M. fusca, M. sulvestris, Peraphyllum ramosissimum
Family: Rosaceae
Range:http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAAN3
all States east of the Mississippi R. and south of the Ohio R., plus Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey (Malus angustifolia)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MACO5all States east of the Mississippi except, States north of New York, Mississippi and Florida – west of the Mississippi R.-Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Colorado; in Canada – Quebec (Malus coronaria)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAFUBritish Columbia, Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California (Malus fusca)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAIO east of the Mississippi R.- Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky- west of the Mississippi R. Minnesota to Louisiana and North Dakota to Texas (Malus ioensis)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MAPR New Brunwick, Nova Scotia south to New York, then Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, Illinois and Minnesota (Malus prunifolia)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MASY2 Utah (Malus Sylvestris)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PERA4 New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Oregon and California (Peraphyllum ramosissimum)
Warnings: All members of this genus contain the toxin hydrogen cyanide in their seeds and possibly in their leaves, but not in their fruits.  Hydrogen cyanide is the substance that almonds their charasteristic taste but should only be consumed in very small quantities.  Apple seeds do not normally contain very high quantities of hydrogen cyanide but, even so, should not be consumed in large quantities.  In small quantities hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be a benefit in the treatment of cancer.  In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death. 
Photos: (Click on latin name after common name)
#115(a)
Common Name: Southern Crab (Malus angustifolia )

Appearance and Habitat: A small tree, 25-30 ft. tall, commonly forming thickets from root sprouts, spreading branches, and broad, open crown. Branches are usually spreading and form a rounded crown. Profuse pink flowers make a beautiful, fragrant show in early spring. Leaves are red when they emerge in early spring and are highlighted against colorful, scaly bark. Yellow-green fruit is not showy by ornamental standards. This is the crab apple that grows at low altitudes in the Southeast, often forming thickets. Quantities of the fruit are consumed by bobwhites, grouse, pheasants, rabbits, squirrels, opossums, raccoons, skunks, and foxes. The hard, heavy wood has been used to make tool handles.(1)Woods ad thickets, especially along river banks in Eastern N. America-Maryland to Florida, west to Texas and Louisiana. A deciduous tree growing to 7 m (23ft). It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from Apr to May.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. A fragrant aroma, but the fruit is harsh and acid. The hard sour fruits are often used for making preserves, cider, jellies etc. The fruit is about 25mm in diameter and is slightly pear-shaped. (3)
Medicinal Uses: None
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MAAN3
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+angustifolia
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#115(b)
Common Name: Sweet Crabapple (Malus coronaria )
Appearance and Habitat:
A 20-30 ft. tree with a short trunk and wide-spreading head. Flowers are white, tinged with rose. Yellow-green fruit is not showy by ornamental standards. The common crabapple of the Ohio Valley, it is sometimes planted as an ornamental. Double-flowered varieties have a greater number of larger and deeper pink flowers. The fruit can be made into preserves and cider.
(1)Bottoms, wooded slopes, thickets and clearings in most soil types and moisture levels. Eastern N. America – New York to South Carolina, west to Kansas. A deciduous tree growing to 7 m (23ft) by 7 m (23ft). It is hardy to zone 4 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen from Oct to November.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. Fairly large, it is up to 5cm in diameter. Harsh and acid, it is mainly used for jellies but can be eaten raw when it is fully ripe. The fruits can be buried in the ground overwinter and will have lost much of their acidity by the spring. The fruit can also be dried and stored for later use. Rich in pectin, so it can be added to pectin-low fruits when making jams or jellies. Pectin is also said to protect the body against radiation.
(3)
Medicinal Uses: An infusion of the bark has been used to ease a difficult birth and also in the treatment of gallstones, piles and as a wash for sore mouths. A cold infusion of the bark has been used as a wash for black eyes, sore eyes and snow blindness. A decoction of the root has been used to treat suppressed menses and so can cause an abortion, especially early in the pregnancy.
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MACO5
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4) http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+coronaria
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#115(c)
Common Name: Oregon Crabapple (Malus fusca)
Appearance and Habitat: Small tree, often with several trunks and many branches, or a thicket-forming shrub; sometimes spiny. The only western species of crabapple has oblong fruit; the three eastern species have round fruit. The strong wood can be made into superior tool handles. The fruit is used for jellies and preserves and was once eaten by Indians; grouse and other birds consume the crabapples in quantity.
(1)Moist woods, stream banks, swamps and bogs in deep rich soils, usually occuring in dense pure thickets in Western N. America – Alaska to California. A deciduous tree growing to 12 m (39ft 4in) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in May.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. Up to 2cm in diameter. An agreeable sub-acid taste, it can be eaten out of hand or made into jellies, preserves etc. The fruit can be left on the tree until there have been some autumn frosts, this will soften the fruit and make it somewhat less acid. The fruit is rich in pectin so it can be added to pectin-low fruits when making jams or jellies. Pectin is also said to protect the body against radiation.
(3)
Medicinal Uses: Oregon crab was employed medicinally by several native North American Indian tribes who used it to treat a variety of complaints. In particular, it gained a reputation with some tribes as a heal-all, especially useful for treating any of the internal organs. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism. The trunk, bark and inner bark are antirheumatic, astringent, blood purifier, cardiac, diuretic, laxative and tonic. A decoction has been used in the treatment of coughs, stomach ulcers, dysentery, diarrhoea, rheumatism and consumption. The shredded bark has been used to treat blood spitting. A poultice of the chewed bark has been applied to wounds. An infusion of the bark is used as an eyewash. a decoction of the bark is used as a wash on cuts, eczema and other skin problems. An infusion of the bark, combined with wild cherry bark (Prunus sp.) has been used as a cure-all tonic. The juice scraped from the peeled trunk has been used as an eye medicine. The soaked leaves have been chewed in the treatment of lung problems.
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1) http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MAFU
Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+fusca
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#115(d)
Common Name: Prairie Crabapple, Iowa Crabapple(Malus ioensis )
Appearance and Habitat: A miniature apple tree in most respects, prairie crabapple grows to 35 ft. with a dense, irregular form. A sometimes spiny shrub or small tree, with spreading branches and broad, open crown. Exfoliating bark reveals silvery-gray inner bark. The large, white or pink, flowers grow in clusters that cover the tree. A yellow-green, apple-like berry is not ornamental by crabapple standards. If the foliage has escaped premature defoliation from fungus disease, it can develop a deep crimson color in fall. This is the crabapple of the eastern prairie region in the upper Mississippi Valley. A handsome double-flowered variety is grown as an ornamental. Numerous species of birds, including bobwhites and pheasants, and squirrels, rabbits, and other mammals consume the fruit. (1)Open woods, thickets, pastures, along streams etc, with a preference for calcareous soils. Central N. America-Indiana to Minnesota, south to Texas and Louisiana. A deciduous tree growing to 5 m (16ft) by 5 m (16ft) at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 2 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen in October.(2)
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. Up to 4cm in diameter. Harsh and astringent, it is best baked or made into preserves. It makes excellent jellies and cider. (3)
Medicinal Uses: None
(4)
Foot Notes:
(1)
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MAIO

Foot Notes: (2, 3, 4)
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+ioensis
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#115(e)
Common Name: Paradise Apple, European Crabapple
(Malus sylvestris )
Appearance and Habitat: Not known in the wild found in Europe. (Utah) A deciduous tree growing to 5 m (16ft 5in). It is hardy to zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in April.
Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. The fruit can be up to 6cm in diameter.
Medicinal Uses: None
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila+paradisiaca
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#115(f)
Common Name: Squaw Apple, Wild Crabapple
(Peraphyllum ramosissimum )

Edible Uses: Fruit – raw or cooked. Sour when unripe, the fruits are slightly bitter as they ripen and when fully ripe are sweetish but with a bitter after-taste. Those fruits that have fully ripened and dried on the plant are the sweetest and most desirable. Ripe fruits can also be used in making jellies or prepared like spiced crab apples. Fruits are rarely borne in Britain
Medicinal Uses: None
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peraphyllum+ramosissimum
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Other Foot Notes on Crabapples: This fruit is common in the United States, temperate Asia, and Europe. Look for it in open woodlands, on the edge of woods, or in fields. The fruit can be cut into thin slices and dried for a food reserve. The U.S. Armed Forces Survival Manual page 147, ISBN 0-89256-200-5, Copyright 1980 by John Boswell

Recipes provided by : The Encyclopedia of Country Living by Carla Emery, page 433-34, copyright 1994 by Carla Emery, Publisher: Sasquatch Books, ISBN 0-912365-95-1
Sweet Pickled Crab Apples: Wash the crab apples and remove the blossom ends.  You will need a peck, about 2 gallons.  Make a syrup of 1 quart vinegar, 3 lbs of brown sugar, 1 teaspoon of whole cloves, and  1 stick of cinnamon.  Boil.  Add apples and cook them in this syrup.  Remove the apples, putting them in canning jars, pour the syrup over them and seal. 

Crab Apple Preserves:Core crab apples with a sharp knife through the blossom end. Use 1 lb of white sugar and 1 cup of water for every pound of fruit. Boil the water to dissolve the sugar. Skim and drop the apples in. Let them gently boil until clear and the skins begin the break. Take the apples out with a perforated skimmer and pack them in jars. Pour the syrup over the and seal. 
(Processing times were not mentioned in the recipes, check with your local County Extension Agent)
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#116
Common Name: Coral Root, Summer Coral Root, Autumn Coral Root, Crawley
Latin Name: Corallorhiza maculata, C. odontorhiza
Family: Orchidaceae
Range: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COMA25
all of lower Canada, all States except Hawaii, Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida (Corallorhiza maculata)
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=COOD7 all States east of the Mississippi R. on the west bank-Minnesota to Louisiana and North Dakota to Texas. (Corallorhiza odontorhiza)
Photos: (Corallorhiza maculata) (Corallorhiza odontorhiza)Warnings: None Known
#116(a)
Common Name: Summer Coral Root, (C. maculata)
Appearance and Habitat:
A mycotrophic Orchid with 10-30 purplish-brown to yellowish bilaterally symmetrical flowers in loose racemes along a yellowish or brownish, leafless floral stalk that has several sheaths toward the base. The specific epithet, maculata, means spotted and is given for the purple spots on the lip of the flower. This northern orchid is the most common and largest coralroot. Clumps of stems often occur in extensive colonies. It lacks chlorophyll and gets its nourishment from fungi in its coral-like underground stem. Several smaller species differ in color and in the nature of the lip. Five species occur in the East, among them: Wisters Coralroot (C. Wisteriana), which flowers from March to May, before any of the others and Late or Autumn Coralroot (C. odontorhiza), with flowers less than 1/5 (5 mm) long, the last to flower, appearing from late August to October.
(1)On leaf mold in woods. Moist to dry coniferous and deciduous woods, and conifer plantations, often in florests with little other herbaceous cover at elevations of 0 – 3700 meters. N. America – Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and California. A perennial growing to 0.5 m (1ft 8in). It is in flower from Jun to August.(2)This is an exotic little saprophytic orchid, lacking chlorophyll and having a light-orange to brownish color. The leaves are a few sheathing scales and otherwise is bare stemmed below the flowers. It seldom reaches a foot in height. The flowers are brownish purple with dark flecks and are distinctively orchid. They have a spotted lower lip, two side spurs, two upper petals, and another spur behind the flowers. It is found frequently in small amounts in the west above the ponderosa belt. It is basically parasitic on leaf mold and pine mulch. It can form stands of a dozen plants in one location. It is usually not found at campsites or along well traveled trails.(3)
Edible Uses: None(4)
Medicinal Uses: An infusion of the plant has been used as a lotion in the treatment of ringworm and skin diseases. An infusion of the dried, whole plant bits has been used in the treatment of colds. A decoction of the stalks has been used to ‘build up the blood’ of people suffering from pneumonia.
(5)Although it has no Native American name, at Owyhee and Pyramid Lake, Nevada the whole plant is dried and tea is made out of bits for colds. It is said to be of supernatural origins.(6)Only dig one of four visible plants, to keep from plundering a complete watershed. The grey convoluted roots resemble coral growths or mutant brains, that is what you are after, so use a shovel. The roots extend about 6 inches below the mulch. Put the clump in a bag and carry it home to wash and dry. Use only small pieces of the roots making a scant teaspoon and boil in water for ten minutes. It is one of the best treatments for nervous disorders and nervous fevers. It will reduce a fever reliably and has a strong sensible sedative effect. It is an important first aid for high fevers after a childbirth. This is not a home cure, but it will relax the mother until a physician can apply appropriate therapies.(7)
Foot Notes:
(1)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=COMA25
Foot Notes:
(2, 4, 5)http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corallorhiza+maculata
Foot Notes: (3 , 7) Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West by Michael Moore, 1st Edition, page 63, publisher: Museum of New Mexico Press ; copy right 1979 ISBN 0-89013-104-X
Foot Notes:
(6) Indian Uses of Native Plants by Edith Murphey, page 37, Publisher: Meyerbooks Copy right 1990; ISBN 0-916638-15-4
************************
#116(b)
Common Name: Autumn Coral Root, (C. odontorhiza)
Appearance and Habitat:
Rich woods, parasitic on the roots of trees. Dry woodland. Rich deciduous woods, mixed woods, and conifer plantations at elevations of 0-2800 meters. In Eastern N. America – S.W. Maine to Minnesota and southwards. A perennial growing to 0.4 m (1ft 4in). It is in flower from Jul to October.
Edible Uses: None
Medicinal Uses: The root is diaphoretic, febrifuge and sedative. It is one of the most certain, quick and powerful diaphoretics, but it is a scarce plant and therefore a very expensive medicine to obtain.
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corallorhiza+odontorhiza
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Reproduced, in part, (as well as previous postings under this title) in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

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